Table 2. Results From Cox Proportional Hazards Models Estimating the Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Patient Characteristics With Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Patients With and Without PTSD (N = 5654)a.
| Characteristic | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (Crude) | Model 2 (Age-Adjusted) | Model 3 (Obesity-Adjusted) | Model 4 (Psychiatric Diagnosis–Adjusted) | Model 5 (Cardiometabolic Condition–Adjusted) | Model 6 (Demographic Factor–Adjusted) | |
| PTSD | 1.07 (0.87-1.32) | 1.33 (1.08-1.64) | 1.16 (0.94-1.43) | 0.91 (0.69-1.19) | 0.91 (0.70-1.20) | 0.84 (0.64-1.10) |
| Age, y | NA | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | 1.03 (1.02-1.04) | 1.03 (1.02-1.04) |
| Obesityb | NA | NA | 3.45 (2.72-4.38) | 3.18 (2.50-4.05) | 2.83 (2.21-3.61) | 2.68 (2.10-3.43) |
| Psychiatric conditions and psychotrophic medications | ||||||
| Depression | NA | NA | NA | 0.91 (0.70-1.17) | 0.90 (0.70-1.16) | 0.89 (0.69-1.14) |
| Other anxietyc | NA | NA | NA | 1.13 (0.89-1.44) | 1.11 (0.87-1.41) | 1.11 (0.87-1.42) |
| Sleep disorder | NA | NA | NA | 1.38 (1.12-1.71) | 1.30 (1.05-1.61) | 1.25 (1.01-1.56) |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | NA | NA | NA | 0.97 (0.75-1.25) | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) | 0.94 (0.72-1.22) |
| Drug abuse/dependence | NA | NA | NA | 0.86 (0.64-1.16) | 0.83 (0.61-1.15) | 0.74 (0.55-1.06) |
| Antidepressant use | NA | NA | NA | 1.22 (0.91-1.64) | 1.16 (0.87-1.56) | 1.10 (0.82-1.47) |
| Atypical antipsychotic use | NA | NA | NA | 1.54 (1.20-1.98) | 1.49 (1.16-1.92) | 1.44 (1.12-1.85) |
| Physical conditions | ||||||
| Hypertension | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.89 (1.47-2.44) | 1.66 (1.28-2.14) |
| Hyperlipidemia | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.15 (0.91-1.44) | 1.13 (0.90-1.42) |
| Smokingd | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.07 (0.86-1.32) | 1.06 (0.85-1.31) |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Male | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.43 (0.98-2.10) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.64 (1.31-2.06) |
| Other | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.18 (0.76-1.84) |
| Marital status | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Not married | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1 [Reference] |
| Married | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.98 (0.79-1.21) |
| VHA-only insurance | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.99 (0.80-1.22) |
| High primary HCU | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.91 (1.55-2.37) |
Abbreviations: HCU, health care use; ICM-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; NA, not applicable; VHA, Veterans Health Administration.
a
Test of proportional hazard, P = .20.
b
Defined by a body mass index of 30 or more or an ICD-9-CM code for obesity.
c
A composite of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and anxiety not otherwise specified.
d
Current smoker per health factor records or ICD-9-CM code.