Table 3. Comparison of Comorbidity Conditions in Individuals With DS According to Sex and Dementia Status.
| Comorbidity | Men With DS, No. (%) | Women With DS, No. (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Men (n = 455) |
With Dementia (n = 180) |
Without Dementia (n = 275) |
P Value | Total Women (n = 423) |
With Dementia (n = 173) |
Without Dementia (n = 250) |
P Value | |
| Mean (SD); range | 2.9 (2.6); 0-12 | 3.4 (2.8); 0-12 | 2.6 (2.4); 0-11 | <.001 | 2.7 (2.3); 0-15 | 3.3 (2.6); 0-15 | 2.4 (2); 0-11 | <.001 |
| Frequency | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 118 (26) | 51 (28.3) | 67 (24) | .35 | 78 (18.4) | 34 (20) | 44 (17.6) | .59 |
| Congestive heart failure | 57 (12.5) | 25 (13.9) | 32 (11.6) | .48 | 50 (11.8) | 23 (13.3) | 27 (10.8) | .44 |
| Cardiovalvular disease | 27 (5.9) | 10 (5.6) | 17 (6.2) | .78 | 14 (3.3) | 6 (3.5) | 8 (3.2) | .89 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 18 (4) | 6 (3.3) | 12 (4.3) | .58 | 18 (4.3) | 9 (5.2) | 9 (3.6) | .42 |
| Arrhythmia | 20 (4.4) | 9 (5) | 11 (4) | .61 | 12 (2.8) | 7 (4) | 5 (2) | .24 |
| Myocardial infarction | 16 (3.5) | 8 (4.4) | 8 (2.9) | .39 | 3 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.4) | .57 |
| Neuropsychiatric | ||||||||
| Epilepsy | 127 (27.9) | 65 (36.1) | 62 (22.5) | .002 | 132 (31.2) | 80 (46.2) | 52 (20.8) | <.001 |
| Mood disorder | 42 (9.2) | 24 (13.3) | 18 (6.5) | .01 | 45 (10.6) | 24 (13.9) | 21 (8.4) | .07 |
| Anxiety | 52 (11.4) | 24 (13.3) | 28 (10.2) | .30 | 32 (7.6) | 19 (11) | 13 (5.2) | .03 |
| Psychosis | 27 (5.9) | 15 (8.3) | 12 (4.4) | .08 | 16 (3.8) | 10 (5.8) | 6 (2.4) | .07 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 21 (4.6) | 10 (5.6) | 11 (4) | .44 | 13 (3.1) | 6 (3.5) | 7 (2.8) | .70 |
| Alcohol | 14 (3.1) | 10 (5.6) | 4 (1.5) | .02 | 8 (1.9) | 5 (2.9) | 3 (1.2) | .28 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 10 (2.2) | 4 (2.2) | 6 (2.1) | >.99 | 6 (1.4) | 2 (1.2) | 4 (1.6) | >.99 |
| Metabolism endocrine | ||||||||
| Hypothyroidism | 192 (42.2) | 89 (49.4) | 103 (37.5) | .01 | 210 (49.6) | 94 (54.3) | 116 (46.4) | .11 |
| Anemia | 150 (33) | 67 (37.2) | 83 (30.2) | .12 | 107 (25.3) | 55 (31.8) | 52 (20.8) | .01 |
| Dyslipidemia | 101 (22.2) | 48 (26.7) | 53 (19.3) | .06 | 91 (21.5) | 41 (23.7) | 50 (20) | .36 |
| Diabetes | 61 (13.4) | 28 (15.6) | 33(12) | .28 | 40 (9.5) | 19 (11) | 21 (8.4) | .37 |
| Obesity | 27 (5.9) | 11 (6.1) | 16 (5.8) | .89 | 46 (10.9) | 17 (9.8) | 29 (11.6) | .57 |
| Weight loss | 42 (9.2) | 23 (12.8) | 19 (6.9) | .03 | 29 (6.9) | 22 (12.7) | 7 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 21 (4.6) | 14 (7.8) | 7 (2.5) | .009 | 44 (10.4) | 18 (10.4) | 26 (10.4) | .99 |
| Other conditions | ||||||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 79 (17.4) | 33 (18.3) | 46 (16.7) | .66 | 86 (20.3) | 39 (22.5) | 47 (18.8) | .35 |
| Chronic renal failure | 51 (11.2) | 27 (15) | 24 (8.7) | .04 | 38 (9) | 18 (10.4) | 20 (8) | .40 |
| Ulcer disease | 22 (4.8) | 8 (4.4) | 14 (5.1) | .75 | 12 (2.8) | 4 (2.3) | 8 (3.2) | .77 |
| Tumor and hematologic disease | 20 (4.4) | 2 (1.1) | 18 (6.5) | .005 | 13 (3.1) | 4 (2.3) | 9 (3.6) | .57 |
| Liver disease | 18 (4) | 6 (3.3) | 12 (4.4) | .58 | 13 (3.1) | 7 (4) | 6 (2.4) | .34 |
| Rheumatism | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | 5 (1.2) | 2 (1.1) | 3 (1.2) | >.99 |
| Tobacco use | 4 (0.9) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (0.7) | .65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Abbreviations: DS, Down syndrome; NA, not applicable.