Table 1. Cohort Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Initial Treatment | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observation | Closed Reduction | Open, Within 3 wk | Open, Between 3 wk and 6 mo | P Value | ||
| No. | 52 288 | 20 357 | 3417 | 2412 | 78 474 | |
| Age group, y, No. (%) | ||||||
| ≤17 | 16 765 (32.1) | 8844 (43.4) | 770 (22.5) | 502 (20.8) | <.001 | 26 881 (34.3) |
| 18-34 | 10 726 (20.5) | 4753 (23.3) | 1182 (34.6) | 821 (34.0) | 17 482 (22.3) | |
| 35-44 | 4867 (9.3) | 1476 (7.3) | 520 (15.2) | 367 (15.2) | 7230 (9.2) | |
| 45-54 | 5494 (10.5) | 1585 (7.8) | 490 (14.3) | 366 (15.2) | 7935 (10.1) | |
| 55-64 | 5275 (10.1) | 1384 (6.8) | 332 (9.7) | 251 (10.4) | 7242 (9.2) | |
| ≥65 | 9161 (17.5) | 2315 (11.4) | 123 (3.6) | 105 (4.4) | 11 704 (14.9) | |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 27 033 (51.7) | 11 782 (57.9) | 1942 (56.8) | 1240 (51.4) | <.001 | 41 997 (53.5) |
| Plan type, No. (%) | ||||||
| Comprehensive | 5255 (10.1) | 1449 (7.1) | 133 (3.9) | 87 (3.6) | <.001 | 6924 (8.8) |
| EPO | 719 (1.4) | 298 (1.5) | 54 (1.6) | 43 (1.8) | 1114 (1.4) | |
| HMO | 7294 (13.9) | 2648 (13.0) | 421 (12.3) | 346 (14.3) | 10 709 (13.6) | |
| POS | 4234 (8.1) | 1674 (8.2) | 367 (10.7) | 178 (7.4) | 6453 (8.2) | |
| PPO | 29 547 (56.5) | 12 150 (59.7) | 2056 (60.2) | 1492 (61.9) | 45 245 (57.7) | |
| POS w/capitation | 290 (0.6) | 73 (0.4) | 26 (0.8) | 11 (0.5) | 400 (0.5) | |
| CDHP | 2153 (4.1) | 967 (4.8) | 162 (4.7) | 115 (4.8) | 3397 (4.3) | |
| HDHP | 1132 (2.2) | 502 (2.5) | 93 (2.7) | 58 (2.4) | 1785 (2.3) | |
| NA | 1664 (3.2) | 596 (2.9) | 105 (3.1) | 82 (3.4) | 2447 (3.1) | |
| Region, No. (%) | ||||||
| Northeast | 11 913 (22.8) | 4232 (20.8) | 673 (19.7) | 453 (18.8) | <.001 | 17 271 (22.0) |
| North central | 12 825 (24.5) | 5102 (25.1) | 736 (21.5) | 544 (22.6) | 19 207 (24.5) | |
| South | 17 043 (32.6) | 6814 (33.5) | 1136 (33.2) | 770 (31.9) | 25 763 (32.8) | |
| West | 9592 (18.3) | 3858 (19.0) | 822 (24.1) | 613 (25.4) | 14 885 (19.0) | |
| Unknown | 915 (1.7) | 351 (1.7) | 50 (1.5) | 32 (1.3) | 1348 (1.7) | |
| Urban area, No. (%) | 45 248 (86.5) | 17 556 (86.2) | 3014 (88.2) | 2120 (87.9) | .004 | 67 938 (86.6) |
| Year of fracture, No. (%) | ||||||
| 2008 | 6450 (12.3) | 2247 (11.0) | 445 (13.0) | 288 (11.9) | <.001 | 9430 (12.0) |
| 2009 | 9622 (18.4) | 3363 (16.5) | 708 (20.7) | 479 (19.9) | 14 172 (18.1) | |
| 2010 | 10 475 (20.0) | 3877 (19.0) | 708 (20.7) | 481 (19.9) | 15 541 (19.8) | |
| 2011 | 9118 (17.4) | 3740 (18.4) | 546 (16.0) | 411 (17.0) | 13 815 (17.6) | |
| 2012 | 9717 (18.6) | 4099 (20.1) | 579 (16.9) | 453 (18.8) | 14 848 (18.9) | |
| 2013 | 6906 (13.2) | 3031 (14.9) | 431 (12.6) | 300 (12.4) | 10 668 (13.6) | |
| van Walraven index, median (IQR) | 0.00 (0.00-5.00) |
0.00 (0.00-3.00) |
0.00 (0.00-3.00) |
0.00 (0.00-3.00) |
<.001 | 0.00 (0.00-4.00) |
| Prior comorbidities, No. (%) | ||||||
| Tobacco use | 1237 (2.4) | 351 (1.7) | 83 (2.4) | 52 (2.2) | <.001 | 1723 (2.2) |
| Autoimmune or immunodeficiency disease | 880 (1.7) | 235 (1.2) | 45 (1.3) | 26 (1.1) | <.001 | 1186 (1.5) |
| Anxiety | 2711 (5.2) | 874 (4.3) | 184 (5.4) | 158 (6.6) | <.001 | 3927 (5.0) |
| Deviated septum | 1078 (2.1) | 175 (0.9) | 1101 (32.2) | 279 (11.6) | <.001 | 2633 (3.4) |
| Turbinate hypertrophy | 516 (1.0) | 94 (0.5) | 424 (12.4) | 119 (4.9) | <.001 | 1153 (1.5) |
| Nasal obstruction | 962 (1.8) | 248 (1.2) | 504 (14.7) | 140 (5.8) | <.001 | 1854 (2.4) |
| Other nasal injurya | 223 (0.4) | 39 (0.2) | 297 (8.7) | 60 (2.5) | <.001 | 619 (0.8) |
Abbreviations: CDHP, consumer-driven health plan; EPO, exclusive provider organization; HDHP, high-deductible health plan; HMO, health maintenance organization; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable or missing; POS, point of service; PPO, preferred provider organization.
a
Includes acquired and congenital deformities of the nose, late effect of fracture of skull and face, and malunion of previous fracture.