TABLE 1.

Demographic, clinical, and service use characteristics of privately insured adults with mood disorders^a

	Non-ECT groupb (N=969,277)		ECT group (N=2,471)		Effect size
Variable	N	%	N	%	Risk ratio	Cohen’s d
Demographic characteristic
Male	315,132	32.6	806	32.6	1.00
Age (years), M±SD	42.96±13.6		46.36±12.4			.27
Urban area resident	850,347	87.7	2,183	88.3	1.01
Comorbid medical condition
Seizures	12,794	1.3	77	3.1	2.36
Insomnia	43,230	4.5	170	6.9	1.54
Myocardial infarction	4,846	.5	17	.7	1.38
Congestive heart failure	8,917	,9	32	1.3	1.41
Peripheral vascular disease	14,248	1.5	65	2.6	1.79
Cerebrovascular accident	22,972	2.4	107	4.3	1.83
Chronic obstructive airway disease	99,351	10.3	326	13.2	1.29
Hepatic disease	30,629	3.2	105	4.3	1.34
Diabetes mellitus	92,760	9.6	334	13.5	1.41
Renal disease	12,698	1.3	67	2.7	2.06
Cancer	32,083	3.3	110	4.5	1.36
Any pain diagnosis	228,652	23.6	655	26.5	1.12
Musculoskeletal pain	346,517	35.8	1,119	45.3	1.27
Charlson Comorbidity Index (M±SD)c	.50±1.18		.68±1.26			.15
Psychiatric diagnosis
Other depression (dysthymia)	270,428	27.9	1,986	80.4	2.88
Posttraumatic stress disorder	41,194	4.3	285	11.5	2.71
Anxiety disorder	380,538	39.3	1,595	64.6	1.64
Adjustment disorder	85,490	8.8	237	9.6	1.09
Personality disorders	14,539	1.5	273	11.1	7.37
Schizophrenia	13,279	1.4	283	11.5	8.33
Other psychiatric diagnosis	30,435	3.1	443	17.9	5.70
Alcohol dependence	44,296	4.6	240	9.7	2.12
Cocaine use disorder	2,035	.2	7	.3	1.33
Cannabis use disorder	5,525	.6	17	.7	1.21
Sedative use disorder	4,071	.4	28	1.1	2.72
Amphetamine use disorder	1,939	.2	5	.2	1.03
Hallucinogen use disorder	194	0	0	–	0
Any substance use disorder	86,444	8.9	435	17.6	1.97
Service use
Any mental health inpatient treatment	90,530	9.3	1,451	58.7	6.29
Emergency room visits (M±SD)	.55±1.69		1.02±2.81			.20
Medical and surgical visits (M±SD)	11.78±14.66		14.60±15.32			.19
All outpatient visits (M±SD)	22.61±21.16		51.31±32.11			1.06
Psychiatric or substance use  outpatient visits (M±SD)	10.83±13.48		36.71±25.39			1.27
Psychotropic medication prescriptions (M±SD)
Antidepressant	3.70±5.20		7.06±7.43			.52
Antipsychotic	.89±2.81		4.13±6.05			.69
Anxiolytic, sedative, or hypnotic	2.36±4.76		5.38±6.69			.52
Stimulant	.57±2.35		.75±2.49			.07
Lithium	.18±1.24		.94±2.66			.37
Anticonvulsant or mood stabilizer	1.12±3.11		2.28±4.09			.32
All psychotropics (M±SD)	8.82±11.56		20.54±18.08			.77
Proportion receiving psychotropic prescriptions
Antidepressant prescriptions	515,752	53.2	1,716	69.5	1.31
Antipsychotic prescriptions	153,921	15.9	1,405	56.9	3.58
Anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic  prescriptions	354,174	36.5	1,530	61.9	1.69
Stimulant prescriptions	82,873	8.6	347	14.0	1.64
Lithium	31,792	3.3	489	19.8	6.03
Anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer	184,744	19.1	946	38.3	2.01
All psychotropics	635,846	65.7	1,911	77.3	1.18
Proportion receiving psychotherapy
Psychotherapy as outpatient	540,178	55.7	1,872	75.8	1.36
Psychotherapy as inpatient	6,300	.7	191	7.7	11.89
Family psychotherapy (outpatient)	38,674	4.0	209	8.5	2.12
Group psychotherapy (outpatient)	26,558	2.7	347	14.0	5.12
Number of psychotherapy visits (M±SD)
Psychotherapy, outpatient	5.74±10.70		12.62±16.51			.49
Psychotherapy, inpatient	.02±.44		.49±3.89			.17
Family psychotherapy, outpatient	.19±1.79		.32±2.18			.06
Group psychotherapy, outpatient	.26±2.55		1.49±5.82			.27

^aECT, electroconvulsive therapy

^bThe non-ECT group comprised those in the MarketScan database with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder who did not receive ECT.

^cPossible scores range from 0 upward, with no theoretical upper limit; higher values indicate a greater number of and more severe medical comorbidities.