Table 3.
Summary of Detection Percentages in Travelers’ Diarrhea Case and Diarrhea-Free Control Samples, Odds Ratio, and Attributable Fraction of Each Pathogen by Conventional Methods and TaqMan® Array Card
| Conventional Methods | TaqMan® Array Card | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pathogen | Case (%) n = 154 | Control (%) n = 162 | OR (95% CI) | AF (95% CI) | Pathogen | Case (%) n = 154 | Control (%) n = 162 | OR (95% CI) | AF (95% CI) |
| Bacteria | |||||||||
| Aeromonas | 11.7 | 4.3 | 2.9 (1.2–7.2) | 7.7 (1.5–14.8) | Aeromonas | 8.4 | 3.7 | 2.4 (0.9–6.5) | 4.9 (0–10.8) |
| Arcobacter a | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.1 (0.7–17.0) | 0 | Arcobacter a | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Bacteroides fragilis a | ... | ... | ... | ... | Bacteroides fragilis a | 7.1 | 9.3 | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | 0 |
| Campylobacter spp. | 31.2 | 4.3 | 10.1 (4.4–23.0) | 28.1 (19.7–35.6) | Campylobacter spp. | 31.2 | 4.9 | 8.7 (4.0–19.2) | 27.6 (20.2–34.6) |
| Clostridium difficile a | ... | ... | ... | ... | Clostridium difficile a | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 (0.1–7.6) | 0.1 (0–2.64) |
| EAEC | 9.7 | 11.1 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0 | EAEC | 27.3 | 17.3 | 1.8 (1.1–3.1) | 12.1 (1.6–22.4) |
| EPEC | 5.8 | 3.7 | 1.6 (0.6–4.7) | 2.2 (0–7.1) | EPEC | 29.9 | 21.6 | 1.6 (0.9–2.6) | 10.5 (0–21.6) |
| LT-ETEC | 2.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 (0.4–11.8) | 1.4 (0–4.9) | LT-ETEC | 5.2 | 2.5 | 2.2 (0.6–7.3) | 2.8 (0–0.1) |
| ST-ETEC | 2.6 | 0 | ... b | 2.6 | ST-ETEC | 5.2 | 0.6 | 8.8 (1.1–71.4) | 4.6 (1.2–9.4) |
| LT/ST-ETEC | 1.3 | 0 | ... | 1.3 | LT/ST-ETEC | 7.8 | 0 | ... b | 7.8 |
| Helicobacter pylori a | ... | ... | Helicobacter pylori a | 2.6 | 0 | ... | 2.6 | ||
| Plesiomonas a | 18.8 | 3.7 | 6.0 (2.4–15.0) | 15.7 (8.5–22.7) | Plesiomonas a | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| Salmonella | 19.5 | 4.3 | 5.4 (2.3–12.6) | 15.8 (8.4–23.3) | Salmonella | 8.4 | 1.2 | 7.4 (1.6–33.3) | 7.3 (3.4–12.6) |
| Shigella/EIEC | 3.9 | 0 | ... b | 3.9 | Shigella | 5.8 | 3.7 | 1.6 (0.6–4.6) | 2.2 (0–6.81) |
| STEC (stx1) | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | STEC (stx1) | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.1 (0.2–5.3) | 0.1 (0–3.63) |
| Vibrio spp. | 7.1 | 0 | ... b | 7.1 | Vibrio cholerae | 1.3 | 0 | ... | 1.3 |
| Protozoan parasite | |||||||||
| Cryptosporidium | 0.7 | 0 | ... | 0.7 | Cryptosporidium | 1.3 | 0 | ... | 1.3 |
| Cyclospora | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | Cyclospora | 1.3 | 0 | ... | 1.3 |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | Entamoeba histolytica | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 |
| Giardia | 0.7 | 0 | ... | 0.7 | Giardia | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 (0.1–5.8) | 0 |
| Virus | |||||||||
| Adenovirus | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | Adenovirus | 0 | 0.6 | ... | 0 |
| Astrovirus | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | Astrovirus | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 |
| Norovirus (GI) | 2.6 | 0 | ... | 2.6 | Norovirus (GI) | 11.0 | 0.6 | 20.0 (2.6–152.1) | 10.5 (5.6–15.6) |
| Norovirus (GII) | 15.6 | 0 | ... b | 15.6 | Norovirus (GII) | 23.4 | 0.6 | 49.1 (6.6–393.4) | 22.9 (15.9–29.9) |
| Rotavirus | 2.6 | 0 | ... | 2.6 | Rotavirus | 2.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 (0.4–11.8) | 1.4 (0–4.7) |
| Sapovirus | 3.3 | 0 | ... b | 3.3 | Sapovirus | 3.9 | 0.6 | 6.5 (0.8–54.9) | 3.3 (0.1–7) |
Abbreviations: AF, attributable fraction; CI, confidence interval; EAEC, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli; EIEC, enteroinvasive E. coli; EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli; ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli; LT, heat-labile toxin; OR, odds ratio; ST, heat-stable toxin; STEC, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.
aPathogen was only tested using either TaqMan® array card or conventional method, as indicated.
bThe P value of Fisher exact test from χ2 was significant when the odds ratio was not calculable with SPSS. The pathogens are listed by group in alphabetical order. Bacteria were detected by culture and biochemical methods. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Protozoan parasites, adenovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Norovirus and sapovirus were detected by reverse transcription real-time PCR.