Table 2.
Characteristics of Participants by Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Score
| Participant Characteristic | nSES Quartile | P Valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 [Lowest] nSES Score (–11.79 to –3.90) (n = 6651) |
Q2 nSES Score (–3.89 to –0.93) (n = 6654) |
Q3 nSES Score (–0.92 to 3.08) (n = 6648) |
Q4 [Highest] nSES Score (3.09–28.95) (n = 6651) |
||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 64.8 (9.5) | 64.8 (9.4) | 64.9 (9.4) | 65.2 (9.4) | .09 |
| Race, % | <.001 | ||||
| Black | 71.3 | 47.3 | 33.8 | 15.7 | |
| White | 28.7 | 52.7 | 66.2 | 84.4 | |
| Gender, % | <.001 | ||||
| Male | 38.6 | 43.1 | 46.8 | 51.4 | |
| Female | 61.4 | 56.9 | 53.2 | 48.6 | |
| Education, % | <.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 25.5 | 14.7 | 7.4 | 2.5 | |
| High school graduate or more | 74.6 | 85.3 | 92.6 | 97.6 | |
| Missing, No. (%) | 10 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | |
| Income, % | <.001 | ||||
| <$20000 | 34.6 | 20.8 | 11.7 | 5.0 | |
| ≥$20000 | 51.8 | 66.8 | 76.7 | 83.2 | |
| Not reported | 13.6 | 12.4 | 11.6 | 11.9 | |
| Geographic region, % | <.001 | ||||
| Non–Stroke Belt/Buckle | 35.2 | 39.1 | 49.4 | 57.3 | |
| Stroke Belt | 40.8 | 38.3 | 32.7 | 25.8 | |
| Stroke Buckle | 24.0 | 22.6 | 17.9 | 16.9 | |
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Tobacco use, % | <.001 | ||||
| Current | 19.5 | 16.2 | 13.2 | 8.8 | |
| Past | 36.7 | 40.0 | 41.7 | 43.1 | |
| Never | 43.8 | 43.7 | 45.1 | 48.1 | |
| Missing, No. (%) | 32 (0.5) | 29 (0.4) | 20 (0.3) | 25 (0.4) | |
| Alcohol use, % | <.001 | ||||
| Heavy | 2.6 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 6.0 | |
| Moderate | 21.6 | 27.3 | 35.3 | 49.4 | |
| None | 75.8 | 69.4 | 60.5 | 44.6 | |
| Missing, No. (%) | 129 (1.9) | 143 (2.2) | 127 (1.9) | 110 (1.7) | |
| Chronic medical conditions, % | |||||
| Chronic lung disease | 9.3 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 9.3 | .89 |
| Diabetes | 33.5 | 28.1 | 21.9 | 16.2 | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 68.8 | 62.8 | 57.2 | 48.4 | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 13.9 | 13.3 | 12.1 | 10.9 | <.001 |
| Stroke | 9.0 | 7.1 | 5.8 | 4.1 | <.001 |
| BMI category, % | <.001 | ||||
| Underweight/normal | 20.6 | 22.1 | 25.3 | 31.1 | |
| Overweight | 33.3 | 35.4 | 38.0 | 40.8 | |
| Obese | 46.2 | 42.5 | 36.7 | 28.1 | |
| Missing, No. (%) | 81 (1.2) | 43 (0.7) | 32 (0.5) | 38 (0.6) | |
| Biomarkers, % | |||||
| eGFR <60 mg/min/1.73 m2 | 12.5 | 11.6 | 10.4 | 9.4 | <.001 |
| hs-CRP >3.0 mg/dL | 45.4 | 41.1 | 36.0 | 29.7 | <.001 |
| Functional status | |||||
| Weakness (SF-12 PCS <75), % | 40.0 | 33.9 | 26.5 | 19.3 | <.001 |
| Missing, No. (%) | 135 (2.0) | 123 (1.9) | 91 (1.4) | 59 (0.9) | |
| Participant-reported exhaustion, % | 18.2 | 16.0 | 12.2 | 9.5 | <.001 |
| Missing, No. (%) | 21 (0.3) | 27 (0.4) | 27 (0.4) | 19 (0.3) | |
| Low physical activity, % | 39.0 | 36.1 | 34.7 | 28.1 | <.001 |
| Missing, No. (%) | 142 (2.1) | 99 (1.5) | 74 (1.1) | 84 (1.3) | |
Total of 26604 Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) participants. nSES composite score ranges provided for nSES quartiles.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; nSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; PCS, physical composite score; SD, standard deviation; SF-12, 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey.
a P values from analysis of variance for continuous variables (age) and Pearson χ2 tests of association for categorical variables.