Figure 1.

All panels were created using ArcGIS Desktop (Release 10, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA, USA). Evidence of substance use, including: (a) Total annual alcohol per capita consumption of those 15 years or older in litres of pure alcohol as stated in each country's profile in the WHO's 2014 Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health was used [6,20]. In an effort to discern low and high rates of alcohol use in each country, the United King­dom's alcohol guidelines were used to differentiate levels of alcohol use. The UK guidelines recommend no more than 14 units of alcohol (140 mL of pure alcohol) per week or 7.28 L of pure alcohol per year; (b) Injection drug use-prevalence data were pulled from a systematic review by Degenhardt et al [42]; and (c) non-injection drug use within sub-Saharan Africa. A combina­tion of search techniques was implemented to find evidence of non-injection drug use of cocaine [43-55], heroin [4,43,52,56-69] and methamphetamine [5,53,55,70-72] within each country in SSA. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Statistics Online Tool was used to determine prevalence of amphetamine and cocaine use by country. If no data were available, then PubMed and Google Scholar search functions were used with each country's name and ‘cocaine’, ‘heroin’, ‘methamphetamine’, or ‘ampheta­mine’ to find studies that documented non-injection use from the year 2000 to the present. All non-injection drug use sources were combined to create Figure 1c.