Table 1. Sample characteristics of people living with HIV in India, stratified by gender (N = 362).
| Women (n = 124) | Men (n = 238) | Total (N = 362) | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freq. \ Mean | % \ SD | Freq. \ Mean | % \ SD | Freq. \ Mean | % \ SD | ||
| Dependent Variable | |||||||
| Depression Severity (HADS-D) [0–24] (Mean, SD) | 13.0 | 2.9 | 12.3 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 3.5 | 0.076† |
| None (0–7) | 5 | 4.1 | 28 | 11.8 | 33 | 9.1 | |
| Mild (8–10) | 15 | 12.3 | 30 | 12.6 | 46 | 12.7 | |
| Moderate (11–14) | 73 | 59.8 | 130 | 54.6 | 204 | 56.4 | |
| Severe (15–24) | 29 | 23.8 | 50 | 21.0 | 79 | 21.8 | |
| Independent Variable | |||||||
| Gender (%) | 124 | 34.3 | 238 | 65.7 | 362 | 100 | n.a. |
| Moderator Variables | |||||||
| Status | |||||||
| Age in Years [22–65] (Mean, SD) | 36.7 | 8.0 | 40.6 | 8.7 | 39.2 | 8.6 | < .001*** |
| Stressor | |||||||
| Internalized HIV/AIDS Stigma [0–6] (Mean, SD) | 2.6 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 0.975 |
| Resources | |||||||
| Married or Living with Partner (%) | 64 | 52.5 | 171 | 71.5 | 234 | 64.8 | < .001*** |
| Monthly Income in Indian Rupees [0–60,000] (Mean, SD) | 2540.9 | 3054.0 | 6458.8 | 7395.0 | 5184.0 | 6575.0 | < .001*** |
| Frequency of Instrumental Support (Brief-COPE) [0–6) (Mean, SD) | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.135 |
| Control Variables | |||||||
| Educational Attainment by Highest Grade [0–6] (Mean, SD) | 1.5 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.4 | < .001*** |
| No Formal Education, Illiterate (0) | 36 | 29.5 | 26 | 10.9 | 62 | 17.1 | |
| No Formal Education, Literate (1) | 29 | 23.8 | 20 | 8.4 | 49 | 13.5 | |
| Class 5 (2) | 28 | 23.0 | 91 | 38.2 | 119 | 32.9 | |
| Class 10 (3) | 22 | 18.0 | 64 | 26.9 | 86 | 23.8 | |
| Class 12 (4) | 6 | 4.9 | 18 | 7.6 | 25 | 6.9 | |
| Graduate (5) | 1 | 0.8 | 14 | 5.9 | 16 | 4.4 | |
| Post Graduate (6) | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 2.1 | 5 | 1.4 | |
| Has an HIV+ Partner (%) | 50 | 78.1 | 79 | 46.2 | 129 | 55.1 | < .001*** |
| Number of Dependents (Mean, SD) | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.9 | < .001*** |
| Alcoholism (AUDIT-C) [0–12] (Mean, SD) | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.072† |
| Availability of Social Support (mMOS-SS) [0–100] (Mean, SD) | |||||||
| Instrumental Support | 38.4 | 34.2 | 58.5 | 36.1 | 51.6 | 37.0 | < .001*** |
| Emotional Support | 30.3 | 26.0 | 42.5 | 26.7 | 38.3 | 27.0 | < .001*** |
| Frequency of Coping Responses (Brief-COPE) [0–6] (Mean, SD) | |||||||
| Behavioral Disengagement | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.000*** |
| Active Coping | 2.6 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 0.000*** |
| Self-Blame | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.003** |
| Planning | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.004** |
| Venting | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.005** |
| Acceptance | 3.3 | 1.7 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 0.006** |
| Humor | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.005** |
| Substance Abuse | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.021** |
| Denial | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.016* |
| Positive Reframing | 2.5 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.043† |
| Self-Distraction | 2.5 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 0.059† |
| Emotional Support | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.511 |
| Religion | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.266 |
Notes: Significance level
† = p<0.10
* = p<0.05
** = p<0.01
*** = p<0.001
All scales ordered low to high
Monthly income is per 100 Indian Rupees
HADS-D is a subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale used to determine level of depression severity Brief-COPE is an abbreviated version of the COPE Inventory used to assess frequency of coping responses
AUDIT-C is an alcohol screening tool to identify hazardous drinkers or active alcohol use disorders.
mMOS-SS is the modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey used to measure availability of emotional and instrumental support.