Table 2. Echocardiography measurements.
| All participants n = 106 Median (IQR) |
Controls n = 41 Median (IQR) |
Insulin resistance n = 36 Median (IQR) |
Gestational diabetes n = 29 Median (IQR) |
IR vs CTRL (p-value) |
GDM vs CTRL (p-value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimated left ventricular mass (g) | 27.79 (6.86) | 28.18 (7.60) | 26.85 (6.38) | 28.07 (6.30) | 0.20 | 0.45 |
| Mitral E wave peak velocity (cm/s) | 95.8 (17.6) | 95.8 (13.0) | 96.3 (19.1) | 95.1 (18.1) | 0.52 | 0.89 |
| Mitral E wave peak velocity (Z score) | -1.17 (1.31) | -1.15 (1.04) | -1.14 (1.52) | -1.23 (1.35) | 0.54 | 0.97 |
| Mitral A wave peak velocity (cm/s) | 50.8 (10.4) | 50.0 (8.5) | 52.3 (11.6) | 50.7 (12.4) | 0.39 | 0.24 |
| Mitral A wave peak velocity (Z score) | -0.61 (0.87) | -0.72 (0.80) | -0.49 (0.89) | -0.66 (1.07) | 0.30 | 0.27 |
| Mitral E wave deceleration time (seconds) | 136.1 (33.0) | 136.3 (31.7) | 135.0 (44.8) | 136.0 (24.3) | 0.93 | 0.82 |
| Mitral E wave deceleration time (Z score) | 0.55 (1.58) | 0.57 (1.48) | 0.44 (2.15) | 0.58 (1.16) | 0.88 | 0.81 |
| E/A ratio | 1.92 (0.54) | 1.93 (0.52) | 1.96 (0.65) | 1.83 (0.43) | 0.32 | 0.36 |
| E/A ratio (Z score) | -0.08 (1.13) | -0.04 (0.98) | -0.01 (1.37) | -0.31 (0.89) | 0.35 | 0.32 |
| TDI lateral E’ wave peak velocity (Z score) | -0.30 (1.02) | -0.25 (0.81) | -0.36 (1.00) | -0.30 (1.31) | 0.11 | 0.40 |
| E/E’ ratio | 5.81 (1.17) | 5.67 (0.74) | 5.88 (1.27) | 6.03 (1.44) | 0.38 | 0.40 |