Table 2. Summary of selected studies.
| Study (year) | Geographic area | Study design | Data source period | Sample demography and use of controls | Period of initial presentation | Characterisation of symptom | Staging or surgical management | Outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koyi et al. 2002 | Gaevleborg, Sweden |
Prospective case series study using patient questio -nnaires completed within a specialist lung clinic | Patient questionnaire Jan 1997 –Dec 1999 |
364 participants–no controls | Not stated | Not characterised | Yes | Percentages |
| Corner et al. 2005 | England, United Kingdom | Retrospective case series study interview triangulated with medical records | Medical Records (< 2 years before diagnosis) |
22 participants (Male 54.5% Female 45.5%)–no controls |
6–24 months prior to diagnosis |
Not characterised | Yes, operability | Percentages |
| Barros et al. 2006 |
Curitian, Brazil | Retrospective case series study | Medical records Jan 1991- Dec 1997 |
268 participants–no controls | Not stated | Not characterised | Yes | Percentages |
| Cajoto et al. 2009 (SPANISH) |
Santiago de composteka, Spain |
Retrospective case series study | Medical records (codes) Jan 1997-Dec 1999 |
481 participants–no controls | Not stated | Not characterised | None | Percentages |
| Shrethra et al. 2010 | Kathmandu Nepal |
Retrospective case series study | Medical records July 2004—July 2008 |
174 participants–no controls | 117.3 days prior to diagnosis | Not characterised | None | Percentages |
| Gonzalez- Barcala et al. 2014 |
Ponteveda Health Area, Spain | Retrospective case series study |
Hospital records 1 June 2005–31 May 2008 |
358 patients–no controls | Unknown | Not characterised | Yes | Percentages |
| Kubik et al. 2002 | Czech Republic |
Case-control study | Patient interview questionnaire (not validated) April 1998—October 2000 |
All female 268 cases and 1076 control participants (not diagnosed with lung cancer), aged 25–89. | < 2 years | Yes, duration of presentation- looked at two presentations. Also, one associated feature, cough +/- phlegm. | None | Odds Ratio (adjusted for age, residence and education) |
| Hamilton et al. 2005 | Exeter, United Kingdom |
Case-control study controls | GP Medical records (codes) 1998–2002 |
247 cases and 1235 control participants no lung cancer with same presentation (GP/age/sex matched, age >40 years) | 180 days to 2 years | Yes, associated symptoms as first and second symptom prior to diagnosis for seven specific symptoms. | None | Positive Predictive Value and Likelihood Ratios |
| Iyen-Omoforman et al. 2013 | United Kingdom |
Case-control study–controls from same general practice | GP Medical records (The Health Improvement Network database) Jan 2000—July 2009 |
12, 074 cases and 120,731 control participants | 4–12 months 13–24 months |
Yes, onset (period prior to diagnose) five specific symptoms | None | Odds Ratio, sensitivity, specificity |
| Hoppe et al. 1977 (GERMAN) |
Hamburg, Germany | Retrospective Cohort study | Hospital records 1967–1974 |
20,000 participants in cohort | Not stated | Yes, duration of symptom prior to diagnosis | None | Percentages |
| Jones et al. 2007 | United Kingdom | Retrospective Cohort study | Medical records (CPRD) Jan 1994—Dec 2000 |
4812 participants (>15 years) in cohort |
6 months– 3 years | Assessed haemoptysis only as a lung cancer symptom. | None | Positive Predictive Value, Likelihood Ratios |
| Hippisley-cox et al. 2011 | England and Wales, United Kingdom | Prospective Cohort study | GP Medical records (QResearch EMIS) Jan 2000- Sept 2010 |
3785 participants in cohort | < 2 years | Not characterised | None | Positive predictive value |
| Walter et al. 2015 | England United Kingdom |
Prospective Cohort study |
Medical records and Questionnaire completed by interviewer Dec 2010 and Dec 2012 |
963 participants in cohort | 28 days– 2 years | Yes, duration and presence of synchronous symptoms | None | Hazard ratios (adjusted for waiting time) and percentages |