Table 2.
Neuropsychological Data at Entry
| mean (SD) | BAP + (n=45) |
BAP − (n=374) |
p a | Adjusted p b | Adjusted effect size (95%CI) † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Intellect/Language | |||||
| MMSE | 29.6 (0.7) | 29.6 (0.8) | 0.98 | 0.65 | 0.06 (−0.19, 0.30) |
| WAIS-R-info | 12.9 (2.2) | 12.5 (2.0) | 0.25 | 0.75 | 0.09 (−0.47, 0.65) |
| DRS | 139.6 (3.7) | 140.4 (3.1) | 0.11 | 0.37 | −0.44 (−1.40, 0.53) |
| WAIS-R-vocab | 12.8 (2.0) | 13.0 (1.9) | 0.51 | 0.31 | −0.30 (−0.88, 0.28) |
| WAIS-R-similarities | 13.2 (2.1) | 13.3 (1.9) | 0.73 | 0.61 | −0.15 (−0.72, 0.42) |
| BNT | 54.9 (3.7) | 56.1 (3.9) | 0.04 | 0.03 | −1.32 (−2.50, −0.14) |
| Token Test | 42.8 (2.3) | 43.1 (1.7) | 0.16 | 0.24 | −0.32 (−0.87, 0.22) |
| Visuospatial Skills | |||||
| JLO | 25.0 (3.9) | 24.6 (3.7) | 0.53 | 0.88 | 0.09 (−1.06, 1.24) |
| Facial Recognition Test | 44.6 (5.8) | 45.9 (4.2) | 0.06 | 0.08 | −1.20 (−2.56, 0.15) |
| WAIS-R-Block Design | 12.5 (3.1) | 12.7 (2.7) | 0.72 | 0.51 | −0.28 (−1.13, 0.56) |
| CFT copy | 34.2 (2.6) | 34.5 (2.2) | 0.3 | 0.19 | −0.46 (−1.15, 0.23) |
| Arithmetic/Working Memory | |||||
| WAIS-R digit span | 11.8 (3.0) | 12.0 (2.8) | 0.72 | 0.51 | −0.29 (−1.17, 0.59) |
| WAIS forward digit span | 6.7 (1.1) | 7.0 (1.1) | 0.11 | 0.09 | −0.30 (−0.63, 0.04) |
| WAIS backward digit span | 5.0 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.2) | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.02 (−0.35, 0.40) |
| WAIS-R-arithmetic | 11.2 (2.7) | 11.7 (2.6) | 0.21 | 0.04 | −0.81 (−1.60, −0.03) |
| PASAT-3 | 42.2 (16.2) | 48.1 (12.5) | 0.005 | 0.01 | −5.45 (−9.58, −1.32) |
| PASAT-2 | 33.3 (15.7) | 39.5 (12.1) | 0.003 | 0.002 | −6.41 (−10.48, −2.33) |
| Mental Speed | |||||
| WAIS-R DSS | 12.4 (2.5) | 13.7 (2.3) | <0.001 | 0.001 | −1.15 (−1.85, −0.44) |
| TMT-A (seconds) | 28.5 (9.1) | 25.1 (9.1) | 0.02 | 0.04 | 2.82 (0.13, 5.50) |
| TMT-B (seconds) | 80.5 (46.5) | 66.7 (29.7) | 0.006 | 0.02 | 11.62 (2.27, 20.97) |
| COWA | 44.5 (9.7) | 48.3 (11.1) | 0.03 | 0.049 | −3.48 (−6.94, −0.02) |
| Animal fluency | 19.4 (4.9) | 21.5 (5.2) | 0.01 | 0.03 | −1.72 (−3.27, −0.17) |
| Vegetable fluency | 13.5 (3.7) | 15.6 (4.1) | 0.001 | 0.03 | −1.34 (−2.53, −0.16) |
| Problem Solving | |||||
| WCST errors | 41.4 (20.0) | 33.9 (20.4) | 0.02 | 0.05 | 5.90 (−0.09, 11.90) |
| WCST Categories | 4.1 (2.2) | 4.7 (1.9) | 0.047 | 0.1 | −0.47 (−1.04, 0.10) |
| WCST Persev Errors | 19.2 (10.8) | 16.9 (12.0) | 0.23 | 0.46 | 1.34 (−2.22, 4.89) |
| IGT-T Score | 51.0 (9.4) | 49.1 (9.1) | 0.48 | 0.39 | 2.34 (−2.98, 7.65) |
| Memory | |||||
| CFT recall | 20.3 (7.0) | 20.5 (6.9) | 0.86 | 0.82 | −0.24 (−2.38, 1.90) |
| AVLT-TL | 45.0 (9.0) | 49.3 (10.4) | 0.009 | 0.13 | −2.24 (−5.11, 0.64) |
| AVLT-LTM | 8.4 (3.5) | 9.5 (3.6) | 0.07 | 0.45 | −0.40 (−1.42, 0.62) |
| AVLT % recall | 71.5 (24.0) | 74.8 (21.5) | 0.34 | 0.89 | −0.47 (−6.95, 6.01) |
| Visual Retention Test | 6.6 (2.3) | 7.0 (2.0) | 0.22 | 0.24 | −0.35 (−0.94, 0.24) |
| SRT immediate free recall | 71.2 (25.1) | 77.2 (12.7) | 0.009 | 0.04 | −4.74 (−9.27, −0.21) |
| SRT delayed free recall | 14.7 (7.3) | 13.9 (2.5) | 0.1 | 0.04 | 1.11 (0.07, 2.15) |
| Logical memory immediate | 13.1 (4.1) | 14.1 (3.6) | 0.08 | 0.27 | −0.65 (−1.82, 0.52) |
| Logical memory delayed | 12.1 (4.4) | 13.0 (4.0) | 0.17 | 0.57 | −0.37 (−1.68, 0.93) |
| Intelligence Quotient | |||||
| WAIS R VC | 116.8 (10.1) | 116.5 (8.9) | 0.83 | 0.69 | −0.52 (−3.11, 2.06) |
| WAIS FFD | 108.4 (13.1) | 110.3 (12.2) | 0.33 | 0.1 | −3.16 (−6.95, 0.62) |
| WAIS R PO | 113.9 (17.1) | 114.5 (14.7) | 0.81 | 0.59 | −1.28 (−5.94, 3.38) |
Neuropsychological results reflect data gathered from the visit of the patients’ first Autism Spectrum Quotient screening.
BAP = Broad Autism Phenotype; SD = standard deviation; CI = confidence interval;
a
T-test;
b
Linear regression model adjusted for age, sex, and education;
†
Least squares mean difference between BAP+ and BAP− adjusted for age, sex, and education (BAP+ minus BAP−)