Table 1.

Patients and results treated with exchange nailing

Year of publication	Author	Type of study	Definition of non-union	Number of femoral non-unions	Open fracture	Average age	Months until exchange nailing	Bone graft used	Months until union	Radiographic union after first procedure	Complications
2003	Banaszkiewicz P. A.	Case series	–	19	4	36	–	0	9	37	2 infected non-unions 2 broken nails
1999	Furlong A. J.	Case series	Pain on mobilisation Minimum of 6 months no progression on monthly radiographs for 3 months	25	2	39	–	12	7	96	Nil
2010	Park J.	Cohort series: Exchange nailing vs. plate augmentation	Pain on weight bearing Minimum of 6 months no progression on monthly radiographs for 3 months	5	–	40	15	0	6	20	Nil
2009	Shroeder J. E.	Case series	No radiographic union after 6 months and pain on weight bearing	35	6	32	–	0	4	94	Nil
2015	Swanson E. A.	Case series	Pain and no radiographic (plain radiograph or CT) improvement	50	8	40	–	0	6	72	Nil
2015	Tsang S. T.	Case series	–	20	–	38	8	3	9	85	Nil
2000	Weresh M. J.	Case series	Pain on weight bearing Minimum of 6 months no progression on monthly radiographs for 3 months	19	0	39	–	0	8	53	Nil
1997	Wu C.	Randomised controlled trial: closed vs. open bone-grafting techniques	–	18	–	37	–	–	5	100	Nil
2007	Wu C.	Cohort series: effect of reaming size	–	41	–	34	–	0	4	92	Nil
2002	Yu C. W.	Case series	No radiographic union after 1 year after treatment or another method is required to obtain union	25	0	38	20	0	6	92	Nil
				257		37	13		6.3	74