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. 2018 Nov 21;9:4917. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07412-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Metabolic engineering of vitamin B₁₂ production in E. coli. a Metabolic engineering in E. coli of a de novo vitamin B₁₂ biosynthetic pathway. Five modules are used to synthesize vitamin B₁₂ from glucose in E. coli. b HPLC analysis and c mass spectrometry analysis of vitamin B₁₂ produced by the FH218 strain. d HPLC analysis and e mass spectrometry analysis of vitamin B₁₂ produced by FH219. Adenosylcobalamin was converted to vitamin B₁₂ for detection