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. 2018 Nov 21;8:17215. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35478-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model of X4-gp120 activated signaling pathways involved in the activation of TNF-α and IL-10 gene expression. Two important points can be highlighted from this model: First, the key receptor, which remains to be defined, involved in the induction of TNF-α and IL-10 gene expression is different from CD4, CXCR4 and MR. Second, X4-gp120 continues to signal through these historical receptors to activate specific or amplify common pathways with the yet undefined receptor to activate or enhance the production of these two immune-regulatory cytokines: TNF-α and IL-10. The crucial pathways controlling 100% of TNF-α or IL-10 production are depicted by the symbol .

Inline graphic — Model of X4-gp120 activated signaling pathways involved in the activation of TNF-α and IL-10 gene expression. Two important points can be highlighted from this model: First, the key receptor, which remains to be defined, involved in the induction of TNF-α and IL-10 gene expression is different from CD4, CXCR4 and MR. Second, X4-gp120 continues to signal through these historical receptors to activate specific or amplify common pathways with the yet undefined receptor to activate or enhance the production of these two immune-regulatory cytokines: TNF-α and IL-10. The crucial pathways controlling 100% of TNF-α or IL-10 production are depicted by the symbol .