Table 3.

General features of macrophage polarity pertinent to HBC (30, 33, 34).

	M1	M2a	M2b	M2c	M2d
Stimulus	IFN-γ + LPS IFN-γ + TNF GM-CSF	IL-4 IL-13 Fungal and parasitic infections	Immune complexes IL-1R	IL-10 TGF-β Glucocorticoids	IL-6 LIF M-CSF Adenosine
Surface markers	CD80 MHC II	CD163 IL-1R MHC II CD206 IL-RN DC-SIGN	CD86 MHC II	CD163 TLR1 TLR8 CD206 CD14	CD163 CD14 CD85
Secreted factors	TNF IL-1β IL-6 IL-12 IL-23 CCL10 CCL11 CCL5 CCL8 CCL9 CCL2 CCL3 CCL4	IL-10 TGF-β IL-1ra	IL-1 IL-6 IL-10 TNF-α CCL1	IL-10 TGF-β CCR2 Pentraxin 3	VEGF MMP-9 IDO IL-10 IL-12 TNF-α TGF-β CCL5 CXCL10 CXCL16
Biological effects	TH1 responsesKilling intracellular pathogensTumor resistance	TH2 responsesKilling of extracellular responses	TH2 activationImmune regulation	Immune regulationMatrix deposition and tissue remodeling	Immune suppressionAngiogenesis