Table 2.

Genetic variants in circadian rhythm genes that have previously been shown to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and are the focus of primary analyses in the current study (n = 31 genetic variants).

Gene name	Gene symbol	Genomic location	SNP	Previous associations
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator like	ARNTL; BMAL1	11p15	rs7107287	Anxious temperament (64); BD (65)
			rs1982350	Depression (66); BD (65)
			rs11022778	MDD, appetite changes (67); age at first suicide attempt (68)
			rs969485	Depression (66)
Clock circadian regulator	CLOCK	4q12	rs534654	Violent suicide attempts (68); BD (69)
			rs1801260	MDD in males (36); BD (70, 71); SAD (72); appetite disturbance (67); MDD (73); chronotype (74); evening activity (75, 76); insomnia during depression treatment (77); insomnia with MDD + BD (78)
Neuronal PAS domain protein 2	NPAS2	2q11.2	rs1562313	BD with seasonal pattern (79)
			rs12622050	BD with seasonal pattern (79)
			rs2305159	BD with seasonal pattern (79)
			rs6740935	MDD (73)
Period 2	PER2	2q37.3	rs6431590	MDD (17)
Period 3	PER3	1p36.23	rs10462018	MDD (73)
			rs228642	MDD (80)
RAR related orphan receptor A	RORA	15q22.2	rs4774388	Depression (66); BD (81)
			rs2414680	MDD (73)
			rs16943472	MDD (73)
			rs4775351	MDD (73)
			rs8023563	Depression (16)
			rs12906588	Depression (16)
			rs809736	Response to antidepressants (15)
			rs782931	BD (82)
			rs13329238	BD (81)
			rs9302215	BD (81)
			rs11071557	BD (81)
			rs12915776	BD (81)
			rs8041466	BD (81)
			rs34720147	BD (81)
RAR related orphan receptor B	RORB	9q22	rs7022435	BD (83)
TEF, PAR bZIP transcription factor	TEF	22q13.2	rs738499	Depression (74, 84–87); sleep disturbances (88)
			rs5758324	MDD (73)
Timeless circadian clock	TIMELESS	12q13.3	rs11171856	violent suicide attempts (68)

MDD, major depressive disorder; BD, bipolar disorder.