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. 2018 Nov 15;9:964. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00964

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Copyright © 2018 Madathil, Wilfred, Urankar, Yang, Leung, Gilsdorf and Shear.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heat map showing inflammatory gene profiling of the ipsilateral hippocampus following concussive brain injury. Custom designed qRT-PCR mini-array identified genes that are upregulated (Red, ≥ 1.5 fold positive change compared to sham group) or downregulated (Green, ≥ 1 fold negative change compared to sham group). Left panel heat map shows altered M-1 markers and right panel shows M-2 markers that were changed. Names of the genes expressed more than 6 fold are identified in bold. Table insert shows the total number of genes that are changed under each condition. SC: single concussion, RC: repeated concussion, HP: hippocampus.