Table 2.

Practices of antimicrobial usage on livestock by pastoralist in North-central Nigeria.

Practice	Frequency	Proportion	95% CI
	(n)	(%)
Personnel that prescribe antimicrobials for usage in animals
Animal health officials	117	30.5	26.0, 35.2
Self prescription	224	58.3	53.4, 63.2
Friends and relations	43	11.2	8.3, 14.7
Purchasing places of antimicrobials
Veterinary drug shops	229	59.6	54.7, 64.5
Human drug shops	21	5.5	3.5, 8.1
Animal drug hawkers	134	34.9	30.3, 39.8
Who administer antimicrobials on animals
Self administered	251	65.4	60.5, 70.0
Animal health officials	133	34.6	30.0, 39.5
Frequency of antimicrobial usage on sick animals
As prescribed	103	26.8	22.6, 31.4
Once	109	28.4	24.0, 33.1
Once daily until recovered	172	45.6	40.6, 50.6
Dosage determination before antimicrobials use
From instructions on the label	125	32.6	28.0, 37.4
Arbitrary	259	67.4	62.4, 72.0
Frequently used route of administration
Injection	215	56.0	51.0, 60.9
Mouth (POS)	96	25.0	20.9, 29.5
On the skin (topical)	42	10.9	8.1, 14.4
In feed	31
Observe about withdrawal periods
Yes	61	15.9	12.5, 19.8
No	323	84.1	80.2, 87.5
Purpose for antimicrobials usage
Treatment of infections	209	54.4	49.4, 59.4
Prevention of infections	156	40.6	35.8, 45.6
Growth promotion	19	4.9	3.1, 7.5

CI – Confidence interval.