Table 4.
Penetration parameters of thymoquinone through human cadaver skin (N = 5) after 24 h using ethanol vehicle and ethanol:PBS pH 7.4 (60:40) receptor solvents.
| Formulation | TQ Flux (µg/cm²/h) | TQ Q24 (µg/cm²) | Lag time (h) | P × 10−3 (cm/h) ± SD | ER |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 160 ± 5 | 3140 ± 270 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 5.54 ± 0.2 | |
| Tween 80 | 168 ± 11 | 2966 ± 188 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 5.74 ± 0.38 | 1.05 |
| NMP | 155 ± 15 | 2918 ± 250 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 5.30 ± 0.53 | 0.96 |
| Azone | 206 ± 18 a | 3885 ± 202 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 7.26 ± 0.64 | 1.28 |
| Oleic Acid | 171 ± 8 a | 3839 ± 316 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 6.04 ± 0.30 | 1.06 |
| Transcutol® P | 177 ± 19 a | 3504 ± 353 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 6.22 ± 0.66 | 1.11 |
ER: enhancement ratio.
a
Significant increase in TQ flux (p < .05).