Table 1.
Summary of adjunct clinical interventions of included studies
| Intervention Category | Strategy/Outcome Themes | TOLACa | VBACa | Study (study design) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| System-level | Education and training of providers | NA | + | Ayres-de-Campos 2015 (NCC) |
| Targeted CD rates with hospital funding | NA | + | Ayres-de-Campos 2015 (NCC) | |
| Targeted VBAC rates with hospital funding | NA | + | Liu 2013 (NCC) | |
| Hospital peer-review of CD/VBAC | NA | NS; | Bickell 1996 (BA); | |
| +, NC | Liu 2013 (NCC) | |||
| Provider-level | Opinion leader VBAC | + | + | Lomas 1991 (RCT) |
| Hospital with laborists | + | +NS | Feldman 2015 (CS) | |
| Second opinion requirement for all CDs | + | + | Myers 1993 (NCC) | |
| Provider characteristics | Midwifery vs. non-midwifery provider | + | + | Zhang 2016 (RCT); |
| White 2016 (NCC) | ||||
| Family physician vs. obstetrician | + | + | Russillo 2008 (CS) | |
| Night float call vs. traditional call | + | + | Yee 2017 (RC) | |
| Provider guidelines/information | Education and management direction | + | + | Bellows 2016 (NCC); |
| Kosecoff 1987 (RC); | ||||
| Sanchez-Ramos 1990 (NCC); | ||||
| Santerre 1996 (NCC); | ||||
| – | – | Pinette 2004 (NCC); | ||
| Zweifler 2006 (NCC); | ||||
| NA | NC | Studnicki 1997 (NCC) | ||
| Patient-level | Obstetric information vs. no information | + | + | Wong 2014 (PC) |
| Verbal vs. written patient information | +NS | +NS | Fraser 1997 (RCT); | |
| Dedicated VBAC clinic vs. standard care | NA | + | Gardner 2014 (NCC) | |
| Decision analysis (computerized) vs. brochures | NA | +NS | Eden 2014 (RCT) | |
| Decision analysis vs. information vs. usual care | NA | +NS | Montgomery 2007 (RCT) | |
| One-on-one antenatal VBAC counseling vs. standard care | + | – | Cleary-Goldman 2005 (PC) |
TOLAC trial of labor after cesarean, VBAC vaginal birth after cesarean, NCC non-concurrent cohort, CD(s) cesarean delivery, BA before-after, RCT randomized clinical trial, CS cross-sectional, vs. versus, RC retrospective cohort, PC prospective cohort
aRates reported as increased (+), increased but not statistically significant (+NS), decreased (−), no change (NC), or not applicable/not assessed (NA)