Table 3.

List of CCFOS features and their associated equations.

Feature Name	Equation
Mean (μ)	∑i=0L−1ip(i)
Standard deviation(σ)	∑i=0L−1(i − μ)2∙p(i)
Smoothness	$1-\left(\frac{1}{1}+{\sigma }^2\right)$
Variance	∑i=0L−1(i − μ)2p(i)
Skewness	σ −3∑i=0L−1(i − μ)3p(i)
Kurtosis	σ −4∑i=0L−1(i − μ)4p(i) − 3
Energy	∑i=0L−1p(i)2

p(i) is the number of pixels with gray level i, and L represents the number of gray-level bins set for p.