Table 4.

Factors associated with left heart abnormalities.

		LV diastolic dysfunction				LVH
Variable	Prevalence	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Prevalence	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	n/N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	n/N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Sex
Female	20/94 (21	1				14/94 (15)	1
Male	25/103 (24)	0.19 (0.16–2.31)	0.61			8/103 (8)	0.48 (0.12–1.21)	0.12
Age
6–10 years	25/91 (27)	1				10/91 (11)	1
11–16 years	20/106 (19)	0.61 (0.31–1.20)	0.15			12/106 (11)	1.03 (0.42–2.52)	0.94
Age at ART initiation
0–5 years	27/93 (29)	1.91 (0.93–3.90)	0.08	1.95 (0.93–4.07)	0.08	13/93 (14)	2.14 (0.77–5.91)	0.14
6–10 years	15/85 (18)	1		1		6/85 (7)	1
11–16 years	3/17 (18)	1.00 (0.26–3.92)	1	1.14 (0.28–4.64)		3/17 (18)	2.82 (0.63–12.6)	0.18
Duration on ART
≤ 2 years	10/55 (18)	1				6/55 (11)	1
>2 years	35/142 (25)	1.47 (0.67–3.22)	0.33			16/142 (11)	1.04 (0.38–2.80)	0.94
CD4+ cell count
>200 cells/μl	44/187 (24)	1				21/187 (11)	1
≤200 cells/μl	1/9 (11)	0.41 (0.05–3.34)	0.40			1/9 (11)	0.99 (0.12–8.30)	0.99
Viral load
≤400 copies/ml	35/152 (23)	1				18/152 (12)	1
>400 copies/ml	9/41 (22)	1.06 (0.46–2.44)	0.88			3/41 (7)	1.70 (0.48–6.08)	0.41
Nevirapinea
No	22/98 (22)	1				6/98 (6)	1
Yes	23/99 (23)	1.05 (0.54–2.03)	0.90			16/99 (16)	2.96 (1.10–7.91)	0.03	3.14 (1.13–8.72)	0.03
Zidovudinea
No	17/95 (18)	1				8/95 (8)	1
Yes	28/102 (27)	1.74 (0.89–3.43)	0.11			14/102 (14)	1.73 (0.69–4.33)	0.242
Cardiac symptomsb
No	27/119 (23)	1				13/119 (10)	1
Yes	18/78 (23)	1.02 (0.52–2.02)	0.95			9/78 (12)	1.06 (0.43–2.62)	0.89
Hypertension
No	12/92 (13)	1				12/92 (13)	1
Yes	33/103 (32)	3.14 (1.51–6.55)	<0.01	3.12 (1.48–6.57)	<0.01	10/103 (10)	0.72 (0.29–1.75)	0.46

ART, antiretroviral therapy; LV, left ventricular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.

^aAntiretroviral drugs.

^bCardiac signs and symptoms included hypoxia, chest pains, tachypnoea, and ankle swelling.