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CUSUM analysis for robotic distal pancreatectomy (RDP). (A) Raw console time (CT) plotted for each RDP case arranged in chronological order. (B) Cumulative sum of the console time (CUSUM-CT) plotted against the chronological order of RDP cases modeled as a parabola. (C) Two phases of the learning process in RDP are identified using the CUSUM-CT curve by linear regression analysis. CT = console time, CUSUM = cumulative sum, RDP = robotic distal pancreatectomy.
