Table 1.
Characteristics of the population at baseline and within 24 h of ICU admission
| Parameter | Total cohort (n = 5352) | Derivation cohort (n = 4033) | Validation cohort (n = 1319) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.7 (56–75.3) | 65.7 (55.8–75.3) | 65.9 (56.4–75.1) | 0.79 |
| Caucasian race | 4879 (91.2) | 3677 (91.2) | 1202 (91.1) | 0.49 |
| Male sex | 3297 (61.6) | 2512 (62.2) | 785 (59.5) | 0.07 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.5 (24.4–33.7) | 28.5 (24.4–33.7) | 28.6 (24.3–33.8) | 0.88 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (3–8) | 0.41 |
| Heart failure | 999 (18.7) | 731 (18.1) | 268 (20.3) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes mellitus, type II | 1561 (29.2) | 1196 (29.7) | 365 (27.7) | 0.17 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1216 (22.7) | 910 (22.6) | 306 (23.2) | 0.65 |
| APACHE-III score (24 h) | 83 (67–103) | 83 (68–103) | 82 (66–102) | 0.39 |
| SOFA score (24 h) | 9 (7–12) | 9 (7–12) | 9 (8–12) | 0.81 |
| Peak lactate (mmol/L) | 4.4 (2.8–7.9) | 4.4 (2.8–8) | 4.3 (2.8–7.8) | 0.49 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 4381 (81.9) | 3283 (81.4) | 1098 (83.2) | 0.14 |
| Acute kidney injury within 24 h | 4226 (82.9) | 3174 (82.5) | 1052 (83.9) | 0.28 |
| Cumulative fluid balance (L) (h) | ||||
| 3 | 6.2 (2.9–10.4) | 6.2 (2.9–10.4) | 6.3 (3–10.4) | 0.32 |
| 6 | 7.1 (3.6–11.5) | 7 (3.6–11.5) | 7.3 (3.8–11.7) | 0.27 |
| 24 | 9.3 (5.4–14.9) | 9.6 (5.7–15.6) | 9.6 (5.8–15.6) | 0.23 |
| ICU length of stay (days) | 3.8 (2–7.7) | 3.7 (2–7.7) | 3.9 (2.1–7.7) | 0.09 |
| Hospital length of stay (days) | 11.1 (6.5–21.7) | 11 (6.5–21.5) | 11.6 (6.6–22.2) | 0.16 |
| Peak 24-h vasopressor doses | ||||
| Norepinephrine (mcg/kg/min) | 0.1 (0.16–0.25) | 0.1 (0.05–0.25) | 0.1 (0.05–0.25) | 0.53 |
| NEE (mcg/kg/min) | 0.2 (0.1–0.32) | 0.2 (0.1–0.32) | 0.2 (0.1–0.32) | 0.82 |
| Vasoactive medication scores | ||||
| Log10NEE | − 0.7 (− 1, − 0.5) | − 0.7 (− 1, − 0.5) | − 0.7 (− 1, − 0.5) | 0.82 |
| Log10VIS | 1.3 (1–1.5) | 1.2 (1–1.5) | 1.2 (1–1.5) | 0.95 |
| Log10CVI | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | 0.25 |
| ≥ 2 vasoactive medications | 3245 (60.6) | 2412 (60.5) | 833 (60.9) | 0.80 |
| 28-day mortality | 2416 (45.1) | 1842 (45.7) | 574 (43.5) | 0.18 |
| One-year mortality | 2660 (49.7) | 2026 (50.2) | 634 (48.1) | 0.17 |
Count (percentage) or median (interquartile range)
APACHE Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation, CVI cumulative vasopressor index, ICU intensive care unit, NEE norepinephrine equivalents, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, VIS vasoactive inotropic score