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. 2018 Nov 22;8:17263. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34977-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Final piecewise structural equation model (Fisher’s C statistic = 14.65, P = 0.56), representing the effects of elevation, die-off size, and various abiotic and biotic variables on the recovery rate of Zostera noltii after disturbance. Solid lines indicate significant paths (P < 0.05); nonsignificant relationships were omitted for clarity. Hypothesised causal relationships (one-headed arrows) were weighed with standardised path coefficients, while the double-headed arrows were weighed by the covariance between connected variables. The thicknesses of the significant paths are proportional to the magnitude of the standardised regression coefficient. Numbers between brackets represent coefficients of determination (R²) related to the variable. Black arrows represent positive paths, and grey ones are indicative of negative relationships.