Table 3.
Comparison of metabolic healthy and unhealthy patients within each category of BMI.
| Normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MH (n = 142) | MUH (n = 94) | MH (= 61) | MUH (n = 149) | MH (n = 29) | MUH (n = 88) | |
| Age, years | 43.0 ± 10.4 | 48.8 ± 11.3* | 48.8 ± 11.6 | 50.4 ± 11.4 | 50.3 ± 12.7 | 48.6 ± 10.5 |
| Male sex, % | 76.1% | 74.4% | 68.9% | 75.1% | 41.4% | 70.5%* |
| Years of HIV infection | 9 (5–11) | 10 (7–13)* | 6 (4–11) | 7 (4–11) | 9 (7–12) | 7 (4–11) |
| Years of ART | 7 (3–10) | 8 (4–12) | 6 (2–10) | 7 (3–10) | 7 (5–10) | 4 (2–9) |
| ART, % | ||||||
| PI | 48.2% | 61.3% | 45.5% | 50.3% | 44.4% | 38.1% |
| NNRTI | 52.6% | 36.6%* | 47.3% | 42.8% | 55.5% | 47.6% |
| NRTI | 97.1% | 92.5% | 92.7% | 91.0% | 88.8% | 86.9% |
| CD4 cell count, cells/mm3 | 485 (359–689) | 442 (289–641) | 457 (314–682) | 486 (329–749) | 530 (372–662) | 523 (366–716) |
| HIV RNA (< 50), % | 90.5% | 84.9% | 92.7% | 84.7% | 96.2% | 84.1% |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.2 ± 1.7 | 22.5 ± 1.8 | 27.2 ± 1.5 | 27.1 ± 1.4 | 33.7 ± 3.3 | 33.5 ± 3.3 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.3 ± 5.9 | 88.6 ± 6.6* | 94.7 ± 7.9 | 98.4 ± 6.3* | 109.0 ± 7.0 | 110.5 ± 9.6 |
| Hip circumference, cm | 90.6 ± 5.0 | 90.9 ± 4.8 | 98.9 ± 6.7 | 97.2 ± 5.7 | 113.0 ± 11.8 | 106.7 ± 7.9* |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.07* | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 1.01 ± 0.07* | 0.97 ± 0.11 | 1.03 ± 0.08* |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.50 ± 0.04 | 0.53 ± 0.04* | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.04* | 0.67 ± 0.04 | 0.67 ± 0.06 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 13.4% | 33.0%* | 1.6% | 35.6%* | 0% | 40.9%* |
| Prediabetes, % | 8.5% | 26.7%* | 8.2% | 27.5%* | 20.7% | 29.5% |
| Hypertension, % | 36.6% | 82.6%* | 47.5% | 82.6%* | 24.1% | 83.9%* |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 93.0% | 98.9%* | 90.2% | 99.3%* | 93.1% | 100%* |
| Framingham 10-y risk, % | 6.3 (2.9–12.7) | 12.0 (6.2–23.4)* | 8.0 (4.2–14.5) | 15.9 (7.1–25.9)* | 5.3 (2.4–8.4) | 13.8 (6.2–26.9)* |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 115.1 ± 17.3 | 127.1 ± 17.2* | 123.8 ± 16.8 | 128.7 ± 15.7* | 120.3 ± 18.4 | 135.2 ± 20.0* |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 71.4 ± 11.4 | 78.8 ± 10.0* | 73.4 ± 9.3 | 78.2 ± 10.1* | 73.7 ± 12.1 | 82.9 ± 11.1* |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 213.0 ± 54.9 | 213.4 ± 59.6 | 233.4 ± 65.5 | 217.4 ± 57.5 | 224.3 ± 34.5 | 214.7 ± 50.4 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 129.8 ± 44.3 | 122.9 ± 47.5 | 145.6 ± 41.9 | 131.8 ± 49.5 | 147.5 ± 45.8 | 125.1 ± 42.0* |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 49.4 ± 12.9 | 42.6 ± 14.5* | 54.0 ± 14.4 | 43.1 ± 11.4* | 56.0 ± 9.3 | 43.9 ± 13.5* |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 135 (103–223) | 252 (184–359)* | 130 (87–194) | 198 (152–312)* | 120 (92–167) | 205 (141–321)* |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 97.7 ± 16.7 | 91.4 ± 19.8* | 90.8 ± 15.8 | 91.5 ± 17.4 | 94.5 ± 9.7 | 92.5 ± 16.1 |
| Uric acid, mg/dl | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.8* | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 1.7 |
| AST, U/L | 26 (20–39) | 25 (21–39) | 25 (18–33) | 25 (20–36) | 21 (20–24) | 25 (20–36) |
| ALT, U/L | 24 (17–48) | 28 (21–43) | 23 (16–43) | 29 (21–46) | 22 (19–29) | 28 (22–47) |
| GGT, U/L | 41 (27–107) | 55 (32–96) | 33 (24–62) | 50 (28–85)* | 30 (23–38) | 47 (30–91)* |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 86 (66–105) | 87 (72–120) | 88 (63–110) | 77 (59–99) | 101 (80–116) | 82 (63–100)* |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 90 (83–96) | 102 (91–130)* | 90 (83–94) | 108 (93–131)* | 89 (82–99) | 108 (95–126)* |
| HbA1c, mg/dl | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 5.9 ± 1.5* | 5.3 ± 0.8 | 5.8 ± 1.0* | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.8* |
| HOMA-IR, mg/dl | 1.5 (1.1–2.7) | 2.5 (1.4–4.3)* | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | 3.1 (1.6–5.1)* | 2.0 (1.0–2.4) | 3.1 (1.3–5.8) |
MH, metabolically healthy (absence of metabolic syndrome); MH, metabolically health (absence of metabolic syndrome); MUH, metabolically unhealthy (presence of metabolic syndrome); ART, antiretroviral therapy; PI, protease inhibitors; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; BP, blood pressure; LDL, low density lipoproteins; HDL, high density lipoproteins; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
*
p < 0.05 vs. MH.