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. 2018 Nov 16;11:418. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00418

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Copyright © 2018 Zieminska, Toczylowska, Diamandakis, Hilgier, Filipkowski, Polowy, Orzel, Gorka and Lazarewicz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) The number of vocalizing animals for each study (control, VPA, THAL) group, each separated into three subgroups according to the number of calls emitted; subgroup 1: 0–50 calls; subgroup 2: 51–100; subgroup 3: above 100. VPA, rat pups in group treated with valproic acid; THAL, treated with thalidomide, all treated during fetal development; F, female; M, male animals. (B) Box and Whiskers plot of number of calls per animal obtained from ultrasonic vocalization test expressed as a median (min-max) value. Number of rat pups: n = 10 (control), n = 11 (VPA) and n = 13 (THAL); # represents results statistically significant vs. control, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s correction; box containing 50% of results that fell in the range between 25% (bottom line) and 75% (top line), () median value, – outlier point per rat, ^∗ – extreme outlier point per rat. (C) The example of spectrograms of USV from each group.

Inline graphic — (A) The number of vocalizing animals for each study (control, VPA, THAL) group, each separated into three subgroups according to the number of calls emitted; subgroup 1: 0–50 calls; subgroup 2: 51–100; subgroup 3: above 100. VPA, rat pups in group treated with valproic acid; THAL, treated with thalidomide, all treated during fetal development; F, female; M, male animals. (B) Box and Whiskers plot of number of calls per animal obtained from ultrasonic vocalization test expressed as a median (min-max) value. Number of rat pups: n = 10 (control), n = 11 (VPA) and n = 13 (THAL); # represents results statistically significant vs. control, p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunn’s correction; box containing 50% of results that fell in the range between 25% (bottom line) and 75% (top line), () median value, – outlier point per rat, ^∗ – extreme outlier point per rat. (C) The example of spectrograms of USV from each group.