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. 2018 Nov 16;10:376. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00376

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Copyright © 2018 Wang, Cao, Ma, Pei, Rausch and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The pathways from CEC dysfunction to cognitive decline. The core pathological characteristics of CEC dysfunction are oxidative stress and inflammatory response, which could be the result of hypoperfusion due to all kinds of VaD risk factors. The two aspects of CEC dysfunction can both lead to a neurotoxic environment for neurons and white matters, whereby cognitive decline and dementia occurs eventually (BBB, blood–brain barrier; CEC, cerebrovascular endothelial cell; CBF, cerebral blood flow; VaD, vascular dementia).

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