Table 3.
Main therapeutic approach in the reported cases of pediatric acute acalculous cholecystitis (2000-2018)
| Author (etiology, yr, country) | Age (yr)/sex | Surgery | Antibiotic | Observations |
| Ashley et al[28] (B. Abortus, 2000, United States) | 4-M | - | Cotrimoxazole rifampin | Diagnosis through blood culture (initial antibiotic therapy with ampicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin) |
| Croteau et al[75] (N/A, 2001, United States) | 2-M | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | Second-generation cephalosporin | Removal of gallbladder after AAC recurrence |
| Lo et al[30] (Salmonella group D, 2002, Taiwan) | 5-M | Laparotomic cholecystectomy | Ceftriaxone | Removal of gallbladder for AAC complicated by empyema |
| Batra et al[31] (S. Aureus, 2003, United States) | 12-M | Laparotomic cholecystectomy | Ampicillin/sulbactam Ceftriaxone, metronidazole | AAC developed for bacteriemia during osteomyelitis. |
| Saha et al[33] (P. Falciparum, 2005, India) | 7-F | - | Ceftriaxone | Intravenous quinine as soon as definitive diagnosis was achieved |
| Basiratnia et al[13] (SLE, 2006, Iran) | 10-M | Laparotomic cholecystectomy | Ceftriaxone, metronidazole | High-dose prednisolone for 3 d. Surgical approach due to poor response (not specified) |
| Kuttiat et al[35] (P. falciparum and P. Vivax, 2007, India) | 8-M 9-M | - | Ceftriaxone | Intravenous quinine as soon as definitive diagnosis was achieved |
| Lagona et al[36] (EBV, 2007, Greece) | 4-F | - | - | Only supportive therapy and close follow-up |
| Anthoine-Milhomme et al[37] (Plasmodium spp., 2007, France/Ivory Coast) | 7-F | - | Amoxicillin triamphenicol | Halofantrin was started upon diagnosis |
| Prassouli et al[38] (EBV, 2007, Greece) | 13-F | - | Cefotaxime, tobramicin, metronidazole | |
| Shin et al[14] (Nephrotic syndrome, 2007, South Korea) | 5-M | - | Ampicillin, cefotaxime | Deflazacort 60 mg/m2 |
| Gora-Gebkaet al[39] (EBV + CMV and EBV, 2008, Poland) | 9-F, 4-F | - | Cefotaxime | |
| Bouyahia et al[41] (HAV, 2008, Tunisia) | 14-M | - | Cefotaxime, gentamicin | |
| Suresh et al[43] (HAV, 2009, India) | 2-F | - | - | |
| Souza et al[44] (HAV, 2009, Brazil) | 16-M | - | - | |
| Mendonca et al[15], (SLE, 2009, Brazil) | 12-F | - | - | Concomitant SNC vasculitis findings: treated with high-dose prednisolone for 3 d. |
| McNaughton et al[76] (N/A, 2010, United States) | 14-M | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | Antibiotics (not specified) | |
| Karkera et al[77] (N/A, 2010, India) | 11-M | Laparotomic cholecystectomy | Antibiotics (not specified) | Both patients developed complicated (perforated) AAC |
| Arroud et al[45] (HAV, 2011, Morocco) | 11-M | - | Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin | |
| Herek et al[46] (HAV, 2011, Turkey) | 9-M | - | - | |
| Pal K[24], (Type I Diabetes mellitus, 2011, Saudi Arabia) | 11-M | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | Antibiotics (not specified) | Emphysematous AAC associated with secondary appendicitis. Bile bacteriology revealed E. Coli and Ebterococcus spp |
| Prashanth et al[47] (HAV, 2012, India) | 12-F | - | - | |
| Newcombe et al[48] (C. Burnetii, 2013, Australia) | 9-M | - | Ampicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole | AAC as probable complication of infection-associated anti-phospholipid syndrome |
| Shihabuddin et al[22] (Cystic fibrosis, 2013, United States) | 10-F | - | Antibiotics (not specified) | |
| Poddighe et al[50] (EBV, 2014, Italy) | 7-F | - | Cefotaxime | Patient coming from South-East Asia |
| Kim et al[51] (EBV, 2014, South Korea) | 10-F | - | Antibiotics (not specified) | |
| Strehle et al[53] (EBV, 2014, United Kingdom) | 14-F | - | Antibiotics (not specified) | |
| Sanches et al[17] (JDM, 2014, Portugal) | 11-F | - | - | high-dose prednisolone for 3 d |
| Suga et al[54] (EBV, 2014, Japan) | 6-F | - | - | Only supportive therapy |
| Alkoury et al[55] (EBV, 2015, United States) | 15-F | - | N/A | |
| Pawlowska-Kamieniak et al[56] (EBV, 2015, Poland) | 17-F | - | Antibiotics (not specified) | UDCA, analgesics, and relaxants |
| Muta et al[78] (N/A, 2015, Japan) | 6-M | Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | N/A | Case of eosinophilic cholecysitis without evidence of other eosinophilic disease |
| Majdalani et al[57] (EBV, 2016, Lebanon) | 16-F | - | Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole | |
| Rodà et al[79] (EBV, 2016, Spain) | 2-M | - | Ceftriaxone | Concomitant nephrotic syndrome and EBV infection |
| Özkaya et al[18] (Henoch-Schonlein purpura, 2016, Turkey) | 7-M | Laparotomic cholecystectomy | Antibiotics (not specified) | |
| Gomes et al[58] - (HHV-6, 2016, Portugal) | 3-M | - | - | |
| Naselli et al[23] (ALL-T, 2017, United Kingdom) | 12-M | - | Piperacillin-tazobactam, metronidazole | Neutropenia during chemotherapy (dexamethasone, daunorubicin, vincristine, PEG-asparaginase) |
| Aguilera-Alonso et al[60] (Plasmodium falciparum, 2018, Spain/Equatorial Guinea) | 5-F | - | Clindamycin, cefotaxime, metronidazole | Intravenous quinine as soon as definitive diagnosis was achieved |
| Ismaili-Jaha et al[59] (Ascaris lumbricoides, Albania, 2018) | 1-F, 2-F, 4-F, 10-M | - | Antibiotics (not specified) | Mebendazole |
| Ng et al[80] (N/A, concomitant pneumonia, 2018, Australia) | 7-M | - | Ceftriaxone, metronidazole |
AAC: Acute acalculous cholecystitis; CMV: Cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HAV: Hepatitis A virus; HHV: Human herpes virus; RUQ: Right upper quadrant; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid.