Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to combined BMI and pBF groups (men)
| Characteristic | NFNW (n=206) | EFNW (n=414) | NFO (n=21) | EFO (n=403) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 58.90±6.30 | 58.92±6.44 | 59.48±7.87 | 58.24±6.10 | 0.371 |
| Anthropometric data | |||||
| Height (cm) | 170.81±6.13b | 169.51±5.31a | 171.28±5.51ab | 169.81±5.47a | 0.029 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.44±6.93a | 67.61±5.18b | 75.69±4.15c | 77.47±6.86c | <0.001 |
| pBF (%) | 18.30 (16.40, 19.50)a | 23.50 (22.10, 24.50)c | 19.10 (18.15, 20.00)b | 26.20 (24.50, 28.10)d | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.70 (20.50, 22.90)a | 23.60 (22.90, 24.20)b | 25.40 (25.10, 26.25)c | 26.40 (25.60, 27.70)d | <0.001 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 48.52±5.16a | 47.82±3.61a | 57.07±3.56c | 52.53±4.59b | <0.001 |
| Muscle ratio (%) | 75.92 (74.68, 77.83)d | 70.76 (69.74, 72.05)b | 75.10 (74.19, 76.03)c | 68.01 (66.13, 69.73)a | <0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 24.43±4.61b | 23.41±3.05a | 34.00±2.23d | 26.92±4.69c | <0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle ratio (%) | 38.36 (35.24, 41.07)b | 34.89 (32.39, 37.13)a | 44.52 (43.03, 47.17)c | 33.81 (30.76, 39.11)a | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 119.32±15.57a | 123.36±15.45b | 124.29±14.07abc | 128.65±15.44c | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 73.94±9.71a | 76.67±10.39b | 77.19±10.29abc | 80.20±10.24c | <0.001 |
| Biochemical markers | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 190.55±32.44a | 202.31±35.1c | 197.10±38.37abc | 197.40±37.54b | 0.002 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 79.00 (61.00, 114.75)a | 105.50 (76.00, 151.00)b | 105.00 (86.00, 182.00)bc | 118.00 (85.00, 164.00)c | <0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 57.38±16.75c | 51.98±12.73b | 48.24±9.20ab | 49.05±12.14a | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 123.34±29.92a | 136.32±31.80b | 130.14±35.10ab | 132.15±34.63b | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92.96±21.37a | 95.91±25.20a | 95.10±32.43ab | 101.59±30.12b | 0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 4.09 (3.23, 4.94)a | 4.95 (3.88, 6.65)b | 5.01 (4.22, 7.23)bc | 5.56 (4.45, 8.70)c | <0.001 |
| Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance | 0.91 (0.66, 1.10)a | 1.15 (0.85, 1.61)b | 1.11 (0.96, 1.47)b | 1.37 (1.01, 2.22)b | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.11) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.21) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.13) | 0.472 |
| Ba-PWV, right (cm/s) | 1,415.68±228.10b | 1,424.85±203.28b | 1,318.76±223.69a | 1,424.95±206.57b | 0.146 |
| Ba-PWV, left (cm/s) | 1,425.48±216.67b | 1,433.69±191.03b | 1,320.90±174.11a | 1,428.79±203.88b | 0.097 |
| Mean ba-PWV (cm/s) | 1,420.58±216.99b | 1,429.27±193.58b | 1,319.83±198.04a | 1,427.06±199.93b | 0.109 |
| Disease history* | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 20 (9.7) | 33 (8.0) | 4 (19.0) | 51 (12.7) | 0.084 |
| Hypertension | 36 (17.5) | 89 (21.5) | 4 (19.0) | 142 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 20 (9.7) | 56 (13.5) | 2 (9.5) | 71 (17.6) | 0.051 |
| Smoking† | 0.132 | ||||
| Non-smokers | 57 (27.7) | 103 (24.9) | 9 (42.9) | 91 (22.6) | |
| Smokers | 149 (72.3) | 311 (75.1) | 12 (57.1) | 312 (77.4) | |
| Drinking‡ | 96 (46.6) | 224 (54.1) | 8 (38.1) | 239 (59.3) | 0.010 |
| Exercise§ | 40 (19.4) | 113 (27.3) | 8 (38.1) | 94 (23.3) | 0.071 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile), or number (%). P-value was calculated using an ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, or χ2 test.
Superscript (a, b, c, d): different superscript show post-hoc results using the least significant difference method in the ANOVA.
BMI, body mass index; pBF, body fat percentage; NF, normal fat; NW, normal weight; EF, excessive fat; O, obese; BP, blood pressure; Ba-PWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Disease history based on medication or a physician’s diagnosis.
Non-smokers, never smoked; smokers, have smoked currently or in the past.
Moderate drinking (above 14 g/d of alcohol for women, above 24 g/d of alcohol for men) or greater.
Regular (at least 5 d/wk) moderate-intensity of exercise at least 30 minutes.