Table 2.
Baseline characteristics according to combined BMI and pBF groups (women)
| Characteristic | NFNW (n=449) | EFNW (n=46) | NFO (n=43) | EFO (n=118) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 58.61±6.27a | 63.54±7.32b | 57.14±5.09a | 61.38±7.17b | <0.001 |
| Anthropometric data | |||||
| Height (cm) | 158.19±4.82b | 155.82±5.56a | 158.07±3.69b | 155.64±4.83a | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 54.81±4.88a | 59.03±4.09b | 64.90±4.90c | 66.26±6.61c | <0.001 |
| pBF (%) | 28.70 (26.75, 30.80)a | 33.95 (33.60, 34.93)c | 32.30 (31.60, 32.90)b | 35.70 (34.55, 37.43)d | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.90 (20.75, 23.00)a | 24.30 (24.00, 24.70)b | 25.50 (25.20, 26.50)c | 26.70 (25.88, 28.23)d | <0.001 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 36.00±2.76a | 35.46±2.62a | 40.32±4.30c | 38.46±3.14b | <0.001 |
| Muscle ratio (%) | 65.65 (63.54, 67.53)d | 60.46 (59.42, 60.68)b | 61.98 (61.47, 62.52)c | 58.61 (56.91, 59.78)a | <0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 18.54±3.07b | 17.00±2.83a | 25.31±4.27c | 18.99±3.79b | <0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle ratio (%) | 33.85 (30.82, 36.59)b | 30.14 (25.48, 31.82)a | 38.85 (37.04, 41.22)c | 26.84 (24.46, 33.32)a | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 118.13±16.55a | 125.89±19.71b | 126.77±14.10b | 130.32±17.36b | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 72.13±10.20a | 74.35±10.95ab | 77.88±8.60bc | 78.53±10.12c | <0.001 |
| Biochemical markers | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 203.27±38.86 | 205.41±33.04 | 200.67±34.58 | 207.36±35.16 | 0.679 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 72.00 (54.00, 100.00)a | 86.50 (60.25, 109.25)ab | 99.00 (59.00, 138.00)ab | 103.50 (68.75, 146.25)b | <0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 63.39±16.50b | 59.72±11.86ab | 55.49±9.85a | 56.61±12.58a | <0.001 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 131.40±36.58 | 137.89±29.76 | 133.98±31.20 | 138.30±33.47 | 0.217 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 88.48±18.45a | 95.93±35.43b | 94.81±15.25ab | 94.76±20.27b | 0.002 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 4.48 (3.46, 6.11)a | 5.61 (4.75, 8.62)b | 5.76 (3.83, 9.55)b | 5.24 (4.23, 8.20)b | <0.001 |
| Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance | 0.96 (0.71, 1.32)a | 1.38 (1.05, 1.94)b | 1.39 (0.91, 2.18)b | 1.22 (0.91, 1.91)b | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.07 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.11) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.864 |
| Ba-PWV, right (cm/s) | 1,370.73±229.90a | 1,472.70±266.20b | 1,401.09±211.99ab | 1,472.42±248.67b | <0.001 |
| Ba-PWV, left (cm/s) | 1,378.82±217.08a | 1,470.07±246.05b | 1,417.00±187.81ab | 1,469.46±231.70b | <0.001 |
| Mean ba-PWV (cm/s) | 1,374.78±220.36a | 1,471.38±253.69b | 1,409.05±196.22ab | 1,470.94±236.39b | <0.001 |
| Disease history* | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (4.2) | 5 (10.9) | 4 (9.3) | 11 (9.3) | 0.032 |
| Hypertension | 80 (17.8) | 16 (34.8) | 11 (25.6) | 44 (37.3) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 67 (14.9) | 12 (26.1) | 7 (16.3) | 24 (20.3) | 0.169 |
| Smoking† | 0.235 | ||||
| Non-smokers | 437 (97.3) | 43 (93.5) | 42 (97.7) | 112 (94.9) | |
| Smokers | 12 (2.7) | 3 (6.5) | 1 (2.3) | 6 (5.1) | |
| Drinking‡ | 66 (14.7) | 10 (21.7) | 7 (16.3) | 17 (14.4) | 0.636 |
| Exercise§ | 111 (24.7) | 10 (21.7) | 8 (18.6) | 30 (25.4) | 0.790 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile), or number (%). P-value was calculated using an ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, or χ2 test.
Superscript (a, b, c, d): different superscript show post-hoc results using the least significant difference method in the ANOVA.
BMI, body mass index; pBF, body fat percentage; NF, normal fat; NW, normal weight; EF, excessive fat; O, obese; BP, blood pressure; Ba-PWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
Disease history based on medication or a physician’s diagnosis.
Non-smokers, never smoked; smokers, have smoked currently or in the past.
Moderate drinking (above 14 g/d of alcohol for women, above 24 g/d of alcohol for men) or greater.
Regular (at least 5 d/wk) moderate-intensity of exercise at least 30 minutes.