TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants and intake of select foods according to diabetes status, meat intake, and frequency of egg intake1
| Diabetes incidence | Meat intake, g/d | Egg intake | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Noncase | Case | 0 | >0 to <25 | ≥25 to <70 | ≥70 | 0 | 1–3 eggs/mo | 1–4 eggs/wk | ≥5 eggs/wk |
| n (%) | 53,077 (95.0) | 2774 (5.0) | 29,704 (53.2) | 14,750 (26.4) | 8530 (15.3) | 2867 (5.1) | 15,524 (27.8) | 14,292 (25.6) | 23,213 (41.6) | 2822 (5.0) |
| Age at baseline, y | 57.6 ± 13.6 | 60.5 ± 11.4 | 58.8 ± 13.9 | 58.9 ± 13.5 | 56.1 ± 12.8 | 53.4 ± 11.9 | 58.9 ± 13.6 | 57.4 ± 13.3 | 57.3 ± 13.6 | 57.5 ± 13.0 |
| Male sex, % | 35.2 | 35.6 | 36.4 | 33.2 | 34.8 | 35.8 | 35.2 | 32.9 | 36.3 | 38.1 |
| Race, % | ||||||||||
| Non-black | 83.8 | 78.9 | 89.7 | 83.0 | 76.8 | 71.6 | 81.4 | 81.1 | 86.0 | 88.2 |
| Black | 16.2 | 21.1 | 10.3 | 17.0 | 23.2 | 28.4 | 18.6 | 18.9 | 14.0 | 11.8 |
| Educational level, % | ||||||||||
| High school or less | 15.8 | 19.0 | 13.2 | 17.9 | 18.6 | 18.0 | 15.7 | 16.5 | 15.6 | 18.4 |
| Some college | 37.9 | 42.6 | 35.1 | 39.1 | 41.8 | 41.0 | 37.2 | 38.3 | 38.3 | 40.9 |
| College or higher | 46.3 | 38.4 | 51.7 | 43.0 | 39.6 | 41.0 | 47.2 | 45.2 | 46.1 | 40.7 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 5.2 | 31.0 ± 6.4 | 25.2 ± 4.8 | 26.6 ± 5.2 | 27.8 ± 5.6 | 28.9 ± 6.1 | 25.0 ± 4.84 | 26.6 ± 5.3 | 27.1 ± 5.4 | 28.5 ± 6.1 |
| Normal, % | 46.7 | 15.6 | 55.8 | 42.9 | 34.0 | 27.0 | 58.1 | 44.1 | 38.9 | 30.9 |
| Overweight, % | 34.7 | 34.0 | 30.9 | 36.6 | 38.4 | 38.8 | 29.0 | 35.9 | 37.6 | 35.0 |
| Obese, % | 18.6 | 50.4 | 13.3 | 20.5 | 27.7 | 34.2 | 12.9 | 20.0 | 23.5 | 34.1 |
| Exercise, % | ||||||||||
| <1/wk | 32.2 | 43.6 | 30.8 | 33.0 | 35.4 | 35.8 | 29.9 | 34.5 | 33.2 | 36.4 |
| 1–2/wk | 20.6 | 18.4 | 19.8 | 20.3 | 21.6 | 21.9 | 18.5 | 20.4 | 22.0 | 19.9 |
| ≥3/wk | 47.2 | 38.0 | 49.4 | 46.7 | 43.0 | 42.3 | 51.6 | 45.2 | 44.8 | 43.8 |
| Television viewing, % | ||||||||||
| <1 h/d | 29.6 | 17.0 | 39.2 | 25.0 | 18.7 | 15.4 | 39.3 | 27.4 | 24.1 | 21.6 |
| 1–2 h/d | 48.0 | 46.8 | 44.4 | 51.3 | 50.7 | 49.9 | 43.3 | 48.5 | 50.8 | 48.0 |
| ≥2 h/d | 22.3 | 36.2 | 16.4 | 23.7 | 30.6 | 34.7 | 17.4 | 24.2 | 25.2 | 30.5 |
| Sleep time, % | ||||||||||
| ≤6 h/d | 28.2 | 35.3 | 23.7 | 30.0 | 33.7 | 35.7 | 27.2 | 30.9 | 27.8 | 31.2 |
| 7 h/d | 38.8 | 35.0 | 40.3 | 38.2 | 37.0 | 35.5 | 38.4 | 37.9 | 39.6 | 35.1 |
| ≥8 h/d | 33.0 | 29.7 | 36.0 | 31.7 | 29.4 | 28.7 | 34.4 | 31.2 | 32.6 | 33.8 |
| Smoking history, % | ||||||||||
| Never | 83.3 | 78.2 | 88.2 | 82.9 | 76.9 | 72.9 | 84.9 | 83.0 | 82.6 | 76.3 |
| Current or former | 16.7 | 21.8 | 11.8 | 17.1 | 23.1 | 27.1 | 15.1 | 17.0 | 17.4 | 23.7 |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1893.8 ± 723.8 | 1952.4 ± 787.2 | 1901.2 ± 700.9 | 1897.8 ± 734.4 | 1853.6 ± 745.5 | 1963.1 ± 775.5 | 1845.1 ± 719.0 | 1742.5 ± 697.7 | 1977.5 ± 710.1 | 2297.5 ± 811.3 |
| Egg intake,2 % | ||||||||||
| 0 eggs | 28.1 | 19.8 | 46.4 | 17.0 | 10.2 | 8.7 | — | — | — | — |
| 1–3 eggs/mo | 25.6 | 25.2 | 23.4 | 30.2 | 26.7 | 21.4 | — | — | — | — |
| 1–4 eggs/wk | 41.4 | 46.9 | 27.9 | 48.0 | 55.6 | 57.9 | — | — | — | — |
| ≥5 eggs/wk | 4.8 | 8.1 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 12.0 | — | — | — | — |
| Mean consumption of foods,3 g/d | ||||||||||
| Meat | 22.1 ± 34.1 | 33.6 ± 40.8 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 12.5 ± 6.5 | 43.8 ± 12.9 | 103.9 ± 37.5 | 8.6 ± 23.4 | 21.6 ± 32.3 | 30.0 ± 36.3 | 44.9 ± 49.1 |
| Refined grains | 91.9 ± 72.0 | 99.0 ± 74.7 | 81.4 ± 64.4 | 92.9 ± 73.4 | 106.4 ± 78.3 | 108.5 ± 79.6 | 77.3 ± 70.1 | 95.2 ± 73.0 | 100.3 ± 71.8 | 93.0 ± 70.7 |
| Vegetables | 300.3 ± 172.7 | 291.2 ± 169.2 | 315.3 ± 175.6 | 299.1 ± 173.7 | 280.4 ± 162.2 | 274.4 ± 169.2 | 337.6 ± 198.7 | 294.0 ± 169.2 | 281.8 ± 150.6 | 271.2 ± 169.7 |
| Fruits | 309.3 ± 217.7 | 274.8 ± 213.1 | 340.6 ± 218.8 | 318.6 ± 224.6 | 267.9 ± 203.7 | 224.9 ± 184.9 | 381.8 ± 247.1 | 311.5 ± 218.3 | 265.6 ± 182.7 | 224.1 ± 182.2 |
| Coffee | 68.2 ± 175.3 | 74.7 ± 179.9 | 23.8 ± 100.4 | 72.1 ± 167.1 | 117.8 ± 219.2 | 153.4 ± 268.6 | 28.4 ± 121.2 | 64.0 ± 168.1 | 89.6 ± 193.0 | 138.2 ± 248.9 |
| Dairy | 132.5 ± 181.3 | 151.9 ± 187.6 | 85.8 ± 152.9 | 152.7 ± 193.1 | 186.7 ± 196.1 | 182.8 ± 183.9 | 54.4 ± 132.6 | 139.3 ± 190.0 | 175.6 ± 185.7 | 191.9 ± 193.6 |
| Soy | 17.0 ± 31.0 | 11.9 ± 25.8 | 23.8 ± 35.2 | 15.1 ± 29.5 | 9.1 ± 22.5 | 6.1 ± 18.4 | 27.5 ± 38.8 | 14.4 ± 28.5 | 11.9 ± 24.3 | 10.2 ± 25.0 |
| Nuts/seeds | 22.6 ± 19.2 | 19.8 ± 19.8 | 26.7 ± 20.0 | 21.9 ± 19.0 | 17.8 ± 17.0 | 15.0 ± 15.2 | 27.3 ± 21.4 | 21.9 ± 19.0 | 20.0 ± 17.1 | 19.0 ± 18.2 |
1Values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated. Race was self-reported.
2The standard portion of egg is 1 large egg.
3Consumption of eggs, meat, refined grains, vegetables, fruits, coffee, dairy, soy, and nuts/seeds were adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method.