FIGURE 13.
Blood concentrations of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene and mortality: dose-response analyses. (A) Blood concentrations of α-carotene and mortality: linear dose-response analysis. The summary RR per 10 µg/dL was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.79, I2 = 0%, Pheterogeneity = 0.86, n = 5). (B) Blood concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin and mortality: linear dose-response analysis. The summary RR per 15 µg/dL was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76, 0.94, I2 = 0%, Pheterogeneity = 0.99, n = 3). (C) Blood concentrations of lycopene and mortality: linear dose-response analysis. The summary RR per 25 µg/dL was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.74, 1.02, I2 = 26%, Pheterogeneity = 0.25, n = 5). (D) Blood concentrations of α-carotene and mortality, nonlinear dose-response analysis. There was evidence of nonlinearity between α-carotene in blood and mortality (Pnonlinearity ≤ 0.0001). (E) Blood concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin and mortality: nonlinear dose-response analysis. There was no evidence of nonlinearity for β-cryptoxanthin in blood and mortality (Pnonlinearity = 0.98). (F) Blood concentrations of lycopene and mortality: nonlinear dose-response analysis. There was evidence of nonlinearity for lycopene in blood and mortality (Pnonlinearity = 0.001). Summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of random-effects models, and the nonlinear dose-response analyses were conducted using restricted cubic splines.