(A) Dietary intake of vitamin E and mortality: linear dose-response analysis. The summary RR per 5 µg/d was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.01, I2 = 42%, Pheterogeneity = 0.10, n = 8). (B) Blood concentrations of α-tocopherol and mortality: linear dose-response analysis. The summary RR per 500 µg/dL was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90, 0.98, I2 = 43%, Pheterogeneity = 0.09, n = 8). (C) Dietary intake of vitamin E and mortality: nonlinear dose-response analysis. There was evidence of nonlinearity between dietary vitamin E and mortality (Pnonlinearity < 0.0001). (D) Blood concentrations of α-tocopherol and mortality: nonlinear dose-response analysis. There was indication of nonlinearity for α-tocopherol in blood and mortality (Pnonlinearity = 0.05). Summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of random-effects models, and the nonlinear dose-response analyses were conducted with the use of restricted cubic splines. SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study.