Table 1.
Cases of extra investment costs by type of energy performance.
| Case | Type and Energy performance | Extra investment costs (US$) | CCE (US$/kWh) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Passive House: apartment block (EU) | Passive House standard (N) | 5% ($69/m2) | – |
| Very low energy houses (USA) | N | 0.070–0.120 ($/kWh; CCE) | – |
| Hypothetical 6,000 m2 office building (USA) | 42% energy savings (N) | $ 2,719 | – |
| 10-story, 7,000 m2 residential building (EU) | 14 kWh/m2/year (heating) vs. 45 (N) | 3.4% ($115/m2) | – |
| Leslie Shao-Ming Sun Field Station (USA) | NZEB (N) | 4–10% based on hard construction costs | – |
| Hudson Valley Clean Energy Headquarters (USA) | NZEB (N) | $158/month in energy costs | – |
| IAMU Office (USA) | NZEB (N) | 0.000 | – |
| EcoFlats Building (USA) | NZEB (N) | 0.000 | – |
| 7,000 m2 residential building (USA) | NZEB (N) | 24% (558 $/m2) | – |
| Toronto towers (Canada) | 194/95% (R) | $259/m2 | 0.052 |
| 1950s MFH (EU) | 82–247/30–90% (R) | $48–416/m2 | 0.023–0.065 |
| 1925 SFH (EU) | 120 (R) | $217/m2 | 0.071 |
| 1929 MFH (EU) | 140–200/58–82% (R) | $167–340/m2 | 0.060–0.088 |
| 19th century apartment (UK) | 192–234/48–59% (R) | $305–762/m2 | 0.068–0.140 |
Source: author's elaboration based on [8]. N = New building, R = retrofitted building. Reference year for $ = 2010.