Table 2.
Examples of ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapies in glioblastoma. Identifier from www.clinicaltrials.gov
| Target | Therapy | Setting | Phase | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Checkpoint inhibitors | ||||
| PD-1 | Radiotherapy + temozolomide + either nivolumab or placebo | Newly diagnosed | II | NCT02667587 |
| Radiotherapy + either nivolumab or temozolomide | Newly diagnosed | III | NCT02617589 | |
| Radiotherapy + temozolomide + pembrolizumab | Newly diagnosed | I/II | NCT02530502 | |
| Nivolumb + either high or low dose bevacizumab | Relapsed | II | NCT03452579 | |
| Pembrolizumab ± bevacizumab | Relapsed | II | NCT02337491 | |
| Pembrolizumab + surgery | Relapsed | II | NCT02337686 | |
| PD-1 + CTLA-4 | Ipilimumab and/or nivolumab in combination with temozolomide | Newly diagnosed | I | NCT02311920 |
| Nivolumab vs. bevacizumab; Nivolumab ± ipilimumab | Relapsed | III | NCT02017717 | |
| Tumour-treating fields + nivolumab ± ipilimumab | Relapsed | II | NCT03430791 | |
| 4-1BB + LAG-3 + PD-1 | Anti-LAG-3 or urelumab ± nivolumab | Relapsed | I | NCT02658981 |
| Vaccines | ||||
| Dendritic cell vaccine | DCVax-L or placebo with radiotherapy + temozolomide | Newly diagnosed | III | NCT00045968 |
| ICT-107 or placebo with radiotherapy + temozolomide | Newly diagnosed | III | NCT02546102 | |
| ADCTA-G + radiotherapy + temozolomide | Newly diagnosed | II | NCT02772094 | |
| ICT-121 | Relapsed | I | NCT02049489 | |
| Peptide vaccine | Temozolomide + IMA950 + Poly-ICLC (after radiotherapy) | Newly diagnosed | I/II | NCT01920191 |
| Bevacizumab ± DSP-7888 | Relapsed | II | NCT03149003 | |
| Temozolomide + APVAC + Poly-ICLC + GM-CSF (after radiotherapy) | Newly diagnosed | I | NCT02149225 | |
| Mutation-derived tumour antigen vaccine + Tumour-treating fields + temozolomide | Newly diagnosed | I | NCT03223103 | |
| Adoptive cell therapies | ||||
| T cell | CMV-specific cytotoxic T cells + temozolomide ± surgery | Relapsed | I/II | NCT02661282 |
| T cell/CAR-T | Anti-Her2 CAR CMV-specific T cells | Relapsed | I | NCT01109095 |
| CAR-T | Anti-IL13Rα2 CAR-T cells | Relapsed | I | NCT02208362 |
| CAR-T | Intracerebral Anti-EGFRvIII CAR-T | Relapsed | I | NCT03283631 |
| CAR-T | Intracranial Anti-Her2 CAR-T Cells | Relapsed | I | NCT0242297 |
| CAR-T | Anti-EGFRvIII CAR-T cells | Relapsed | Pilot | NCT02209376 |
| Viral therapy | ||||
| Adenovirus | Delta-24-RGD adenovirus | Recurrent | I/II | NCT01582516 |
| Adenovirus | DNX-2401 + temozolomide | Recurrent | I | NCT01956734 |
| Adenovirus | DNX-2401 + pembrolizumab | Recurrent | II | NCT02798406 |