Table 2.
Clinical characteristics and infection risk factors of Haemophilus influenzae with resistance or reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin
| Variablesa | N | Ciprofloxacinc | pd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible | Decreased susceptibility | |||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 0–14 | 162 (40.3%) | |||
| 5–59 | 110 (27.4%) | |||
| ≥ 60 | 130 (32.3%) | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 256 (63.7%) | 250 (63.6%) | 6 (66.7%) | 1.000 |
| Female | 146 (36.3%) | 143 (36.3%) | 3 (33.3%) | 1.000 |
| Prevalent seasons (months) | ||||
| 3–5 | 138 (34.3%) | |||
| 6–8 | 67 (16.7%) | |||
| 9–11 | 54 (13.4%) | |||
| 12–2 | 143 (35.6%) | |||
| Underlying diseases | ||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 60 (14.9%) | 58 (14.7%) | 2 (22.2%) | 0.626 |
| Hypertension | 70 (17.4%) | 68 (17.3%) | 2 (22.2%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 28 (7.0%) | 27 (6.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 33 (8.2%) | 33 (8.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000b |
| Cancers | 46 (11.4%) | 45 (11.5%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1.000 |
| Interstitial lung Disease | 14 (3.5%) | 1 3(3.3%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.732 |
| Bronchiectasia | 27 (6.7%) | |||
| Causes | ||||
| Catch cold or be tired | 30 (7.5%) | 27 (6.9%) | 3 (33.3%) | 0.019 |
| Invasive procedure | 27 (6.7%) | 24 (6.1%) | 3 (33.3%) | 0.011 |
| History of smoking | 40 (9.9%) | 39 (9.9%) | 1 (11.1%) | 1.000 |
| Channel of infection | ||||
| Community-acquired | 372 (92.5%) | |||
| Hospital-acquired | 30 (7.5%) | |||
| Hospitalization during previous 3 months | 133 (33.1%) | 128 (32.6%) | 5 (55.6%) | 0.147 |
| Fluoroquinolones use during previous 3 months | 5 (1.2%) | 7 (1.8%) | 2 (22.2%) | 0.003 |
| Antimicrobial use during previous 3 months | ||||
| Cephalosporins | 144 (36.6%) | 4 (44.4%) | 0.896 | |
| Azithromycin | 70 (17.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.370b | |
| Piperacillin | 13 (3.3%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.732 | |
| Multidrug resistant strains | 55 (14.0%) | 8 (88.9%) | 0.000 | |
a Data are presented as mean ± SD or number of patients (%)
bFisher’s exact test
cNumbers of susceptible and decreased susceptibility are 393 and 9, respectively
dStatistically significant data are in italics