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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 18.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Discov Today Dis Models. 2018 May 18;24:13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2018.04.002

Table 2.

Macrophage polarization1

Polarization State Activation Key Surface Markers and Secreted Factors Functional Outcome
M1 LPS, TNF-α, IFN-γ CD86, MHC-II, TLR2, TLR4, iNOS, ROS, IL-12, IL-6 • Phagocytosis of bacteria, debris, etc.
• Inflammation
M2a IL-4, IL-13 CD163, MHC-II, Arginase-1,IL-1ra, IL-10, TGF-β, • ECM production
• Immunoregulation
M2b Immune Complexes, LPS CD86, MHC-II, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α • Immunoregulation
M2c IL-10, TGF-β CD163, CD206, TLR1, TLR8, MMP-9, IL-10, TGF-β • ECM production
• FBGC formation and fibrosis
• Wound healing
M2d IL-6 VEGF-A, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β • Immunoregulation

Table constructed from [53–56]. Abbreviations: LPS lipopolysaccharide, TNF tumor necrosis factor, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, TLR toll-like receptor, MHC major histocompatibility complex, TGF transforming growth factor, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, ROS reactive oxygen species, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor.