Table 2.

Wetting solutions used in tumescent anesthesia.

Wetting solutions	Description	Examples
Crystalloid solutions	Diluents for anaesthetics.	Isotonic saline 0.9% NaCl (Neutralizes the acidic pH of lidocaine. Associated with burning sensation.) Lactated Ringer's solution (Does not cause burning sensation and reduces the sodium load.) [81,82]
Vasoconstrictors	Constrict the blood vessels, reduce blood loss, and ameliorate tissue perfusion with the anaesthetics by increasing the duration and the quality of anesthesia.	Adrenaline (epinephrine)l-ornithine 8-vasopressin [[81], [82], [83], [84]]
Local anaesthetics	Allow absence of pain sensation during liposuction.	Lidocaine Prilocaine Articaine [[85], [86], [87], [88]]
Buffers	Raise the pH of the solution and avoid the burning sensation. Augment the proportion of nonionized lipid soluble lidocaine, which can more rapidly enter the nerve cells.	Sodium bicarbonate [82,89]
Antioxidants	Reduce oxidative stress in the fat graft. Ameliorate survival of ADSCs and preserve graft volume.	N-acetylcysteine [90]