Table 5.

Impact of COPD and COPD phenotypes on overall survival of lung cancer stratified by histology

Variablesa	Squamous carcinomab	Adenocarcinomab	SCLCb	LCLCb	Other subtypesb
COPD (present)c	1.39 (1.03–1.88)#	1.29 (0.92–1.83)*	1.16 (0.60–2.23)*	0.84 (0.34–2.06)*	1.04 (0.29–3.75)*
COPD severity (increase)d	1.28 (1.07–1.53)#	1.21 (0.95–1.56)*	1.06 (0.74–1.52)*	0.88 (0.48–1.59)*	0.81 (0.29–2.29)*
Emphysema-predominant phenotype (present)e	2.53 (1.49–4.30)#	0.96 (0.30–3.06)*	0.84 (0.18–3.86)*	1.03 (0.21–4.96)*	4.67 (0.02–110)*
Nonemphysema-predominant Phenotype (present)f	1.09 (0.78–1.52)*	1.34 (0.92–1.94)*	1.01 (0.45–2.25)*	0.46 (0.13–1.62)*	1.09 (0.22–5.37)*
Age (increase)c	1.01 (0.99–1.03)*	1.01 (0.99–1.03)*	0.99 (0.96–1.03)*	1.01 (0.97–1.06)*	1.03 (0.97–1.10)*
BMI (increase)c	0.99 (0.95–1.03)*	0.93 (0.89–0.98)#	0.99 (0.91–1.08)*	0.90 (0.80–1.01)*	1.04 (0.92–1.18)*
Sex (female)c	1.32 (0.80–2.19)*	0.74 (0.50–1.09)*	1.48 (0.53–4.10)*	0.87 (0.23–3.23)*	1.47 (0.29–7.53)*
Smoking status (smokers)c	0.86 (0.62–1.21)*	0.82 (0.57–1.17)*	1.70 (0.67–4.32)*	0.33 (0.13–0.83)#	1.14 (0.25–5.29)*
Surgery (yes)c	0.43 (0.32–0.59)#	0.42 (0.30–0.60)#	0.60 (0.31–1.89)*	1.08 (0.37–3.18)*	0.78 (0.09–6.82)*

Notes:

^aThere were four Cox regression models, and each lung cancer subtypes was analyzed, respectively. COPD (dichotomous, referent: non-COPD), COPD grading (continuous, increase), emphysema-predominant phenotype of COPD (dichotomous, referent: non-COPD), and nonemphysema-predominant phenotype of COPD (dichotomous, referent: non-COPD) were, respectively, distributed in models 1, 2, 3, and 4. Age (continuous, increase), BMI (continuous, increase), sex (dichotomous, referent: male), smoking status (dichotomous, referent: nonsmoking), and surgery (dichotomous, referent: nonsurgery) were common variables of models 1–4;

^bHR (95% CI);

^cModel 1;

^dModel 2;

^eModel 3;

^fModel 4;

^#P<0.05;

^*P>0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LCLC, large cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer.