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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2018 May 4;24:62–68. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.04.010

Figure 2. An unconscious Neural-Reinforcement intervention targeting naturally occurring animal fears.

Figure 2

(A) Procedure in one trial of Decoded Neural-Reinforcement. Online decoding was used to reinforce occurrences of the multivoxel representation of a feared animal (e.g., a snake). The feedback was proportional to the likelihood of the feared animal being represented. (B) Using this method, we demonstrated in a double-blind placebo-controlled experiment that Neural-Reinforcement can lead to reliable reductions in physiological fear responses measured by amygdala hemodynamic activity (left panel) and skin conductance response (right panel) [63].