TABLE 4.

Cross-sectional associations between food groups (servings per day) and metabolite pattern scores among Asian Indians, aged 45–79 y, in the MASALA study¹

	All participants (n = 145)3				Participants without type 2 diabetes (n = 105)
	Metabolite pattern 1		Metabolite pattern 2		Metabolite pattern 1		Metabolite pattern 2
	(Medium- to long-chain AC pattern)		(BCAA, AAA, and short-chain AC pattern)		(Medium- to long-chain AC pattern)		(BCAA, AAA, and short-chain AC pattern)
Food groups2	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P
Rice	0.069 ± 0.090	0.45	0.060 ± 0.079	0.45	0.070 ± 0.087	0.42	0.032 ± 0.078	0.68
Legumes	0.085 ± 0.095	0.37	−0.070 ± 0.082	0.40	0.033 ± 0.103	0.75	−0.080 ± 0.092	0.38
Sugary drinks	0.156 ± 0.180	0.39	0.071 ± 0.157	0.66	0.127 ± 0.174	0.47	−0.011 ± 0.157	0.94
Snacks	0.031 ± 0.101	0.76	−0.040 ± 0.088	0.65	0.060 ± 0.110	0.59	−0.067 ± 0.099	0.50
Poultry	−0.168 ± 0.198	0.40	0.118 ± 0.173	0.50	−0.193 ± 0.345	0.58	0.760 ± 0.300	0.01
Fish	−0.318 ± 0.378	0.40	0.624 ± 0.328	0.06	−1.001 ± 0.577	0.09	0.935 ± 0.518	0.07
Red meat	0.031 ± 0.249	0.90	0.512 ± 0.213	0.02	−0.197 ± 0.262	0.45	0.534 ± 0.229	0.02
Coffee	−0.084 ± 0.077	0.28	0.006 ± 0.068	0.93	—	—	—	—
Pizza	−0.666 ± 0.527	0.21	−0.732 ± 0.460	0.11	—	—	—	—
Alcohol	0.062 ± 0.116	0.60	0.040 ± 0.101	0.69	—	—	—	—
Eggs	—	—	—	—	−0.392 ± 0.209	0.06	0.198 ± 0.191	0.30
Vegetables	—	—	—	—	−0.045 ± 0.035	0.21	0.087 ± 0.031	0.005

¹Values are βs ± SEs for each metabolite pattern score per 1-serving increase in the corresponding food group calculated by using linear regression. Models were adjusted for age (years), sex, smoking (never, past smoker, or current smoker), education (high school or less, less than Bachelor's degree, Bachelor's degree, or more than Bachelor's degree), BMI (kg/m²), physical activity (metabolic equivalent task hours per week), total energy intake (kilocalories per day), and prevalent hypertension (yes or no). AAA, aromatic amino acid; AC, acylcarnitine; MASALA, Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America.

²Food groups are those with factor loadings ≥0.5 in all dietary patterns.

³Models in all participants additionally adjusted for prevalent diabetes status (yes or no).