TABLE 5.

Cross-sectional associations between metabolite pattern scores and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk among Asian Indians, aged 45–79 y, in the MASALA study¹

	All participants (n = 145)				Participants without type 2 diabetes (n = 105)
	Metabolite pattern 1		Metabolite pattern 2		Metabolite pattern 1		Metabolite pattern 2
	(medium- to long-chain AC pattern)		(BCAA, AAA, and short-chain AC pattern)		(medium- to long-chain AC pattern)		(BCAA, AAA, and short-chain AC pattern)
	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P
Laboratory measures2
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	−1.44 ± 1.98	0.47	4.36 ± 2.30	0.06	−1.66 ± 0.99	0.10	3.19 ± 1.17	0.008
2-h Glucose, mg/dL	−3.61 ± 6.42	0.57	10.8 ± 7.42	0.15	0.68 ± 3.39	0.84	−0.19 ± 4.19	0.96
Fasting insulin, µU/mL	−0.69 ± 1.12	0.54	2.91 ± 1.29	0.03	−0.32 ± 0.66	0.63	0.61 ± 0.81	0.45
2-h Insulin, µU/mL	2.61 ± 9.02	0.77	22.1 ± 10.3	0.03	−2.23 ± 10.4	0.83	18.5 ± 12.5	0.14
HOMA-IR, glucose (mmol/L) × insulin (mU/L)/22.5	−0.27 ± 0.36	0.46	0.94 ± 0.42	0.03	−0.14 ± 0.18	0.44	0.18 ± 0.22	0.42
Total adiponectin, µg/mL	0.91 ± 0.40	0.03	−1.46 ± 0.47	0.002	0.87 ± 0.44	0.05	−1.16 ± 0.53	0.03
Insulin sensitivity index	0.24 ± 0.21	0.25	−1.07 ± 0.22	<0.0001	0.33 ± 0.28	0.24	−1.12 ± 0.32	0.0006
Lipids2,3
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	1.05 ± 2.93	0.72	7.51 ± 3.45	0.03	0.34 ± 3.36	0.92	1.83 ± 4.08	0.66
TGs, mg/dL	−7.09 ± 5.63	0.21	14.4 ± 6.67	0.03	−8.79 ± 6.35	0.17	3.34 ± 7.79	0.67
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	0.27 ± 2.59	0.92	4.39 ± 3.08	0.16	−0.14 ± 2.94	0.96	−0.40 ± 3.57	0.91
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	2.00 ± 1.08	0.07	0.42 ± 1.31	0.75	1.94 ± 1.47	0.19	1.72 ± 1.79	0.34
Body composition2,3
Visceral fat area, cm2	−0.79 ± 3.59	0.83	3.02 ± 4.29	0.48	−1.61 ± 3.93	0.68	−1.81 ± 4.78	0.71
Liver-to-spleen attenuation, Hounsfield units	−0.12 ± 0.35	0.74	−0.83 ± 0.42	0.05	−0.02 ± 0.44	0.96	−0.62 ± 0.53	0.25
Subclinical atherosclerosis2,3
Common carotid intima medial thickness, mm	−0.003 ± 0.014	0.84	0.026 ± 0.017	0.12	0.017 ± 0.015	0.27	0.004 ± 0.018	0.82
Internal carotid intima medial thickness, mm	0.007 ± 0.032	0.82	0.054 ± 0.037	0.15	0.035 ± 0.032	0.27	0.047 ± 0.038	0.23
Coronary artery calcium, Agatston scores <10 vs. >10	−0.152 ± 0.236	0.52	−0.421 ± 0.287	0.14	0.118 ± 0.328	0.72	−0.711 ± 0.424	0.09

¹Values are βs ± SEs for each corresponding cardiometabolic outcome per 1-unit increase in the metabolite pattern score calculated by using linear regression. AAA, aromatic amino acid; AC, acylcarnitine; MASALA, Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America.

²Models were adjusted for age (years), sex, smoking (never, past smoker, or current smoker), education (high school or less, less than Bachelor's degree, Bachelor's degree, or more than Bachelor's degree), BMI (kg/m²), physical activity (metabolic equivalent task hours per week), total energy intake (kilocalories per day), prevalent hypertension (yes or no), medication for high cholesterol (yes or no), and statin use (yes or no).

³In all participants, models with lipids, body-composition measures, and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis were additionally adjusted for prevalent diabetes status (yes or no).