TABLE 3.
Association between dietary intakes of fructose and vitamin C and fructose:vitamin C intake ratio and odds of hyperuricemia (≥7 mg/dL) in African-American adults1
| Quartile of 3 dietary exposures3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous exposures2 | Quartile 1 (n = 1114) | Quartile 2 (n = 1114) | Quartile 3 (n = 1114) | Quartile 4 (n = 1114) | P-trend | |
| Fructose, g/d | 1.0–15.2 | 15.2–25.0 | 25.0–41.5 | 41.5–339.5 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | Reference | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 1.25 (0.97, 1.62) | 0.11 |
| Model 2 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) | Reference | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.51) | 1.43 (1.07, 1.90) | 0.02 |
| Model 3 | 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) | Reference | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) | 1.19 (0.91, 1.56) | 1.48 (1.10, 1.99) | 0.01 |
| Model 4 | 1.20 (1.08, 1.34) | Reference | 1.10 (0.85, 1.43) | 1.28 (0.98, 1.69) | 1.63 (1.20, 2.21) | 0.64 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 16.8–78.8 | 78.9–123.6 | 123.6–199.3 | 199.8–1037.6 | ||
| Model 1 | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | Reference | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.76 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) | Reference | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.14) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.92) | 0.02 |
| Model 3 | 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) | Reference | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.14) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.04) | 0.16 |
| Model 4 | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | Reference | 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.04) | 0.66 (0.48, 0.91) | 0.90 |
| Fructose:vitamin C | 0.0–0.1 | 0.1–0.2 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.3–4.6 | ||
| intake ratio, g/mg | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.16 (1.07, 1.26) | Reference | 0.96 (0.74, 1.26) | 1.01 (0.77, 1.33) | 1.48 (1.14, 1.92) | 0.003 |
| Model 2 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | Reference | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.37) | 1.56 (1.22, 1.99) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.28) | Reference | 0.98 (0.75, 1.28) | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 1.54 (1.18, 2.01) | 0.001 |
1Values are ORs (95% CIs); n = 4576. Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and medication use (diuretic medication, vitamin C supplement); model 2 adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and dietary factors (total energy intake, alcohol, animal protein); model 3 adjusted as for model 1 plus dietary factors; and model 4 adjusted as for model 3 plus vitamin C (for the models with fructose as the main exposure) or fructose (for the models with vitamin C as the main exposure).
2ORs for hyperuricemia per doubling of the dietary factor.
3The results (ORs) from the quartile analysis can be interpreted as greater (if >1) or lower (if <1) odds of hyperuricemia associated with a higher quartile (quartile 2, 3, or 4) of dietary intakes of fructose and vitamin C or the fructose:vitamin C intake ratio relative to the lowest quartile (quartile 1).