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Proposed conceptual frameworks in which APOL1 risk alleles are associated with prematurity in individuals with glomerular disease. (A) Prematurity increases the penetrance of HR APOL1, leading to glomerular disease. (B) A third factor increases both the risk of prematurity and the penetrance of HR APOL1, leading to a concurrent increase in susceptibility to prematurity and glomerular disease.
