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| Biological system | Artificial system | |
| Sensorimotor neuron | Presynaptic membrane | Gate electrode |
| Presynaptic potential | Gate voltage | |
| Photosensitive protein | Photodetector | |
| Neuromuscular junction |
Synaptic cleft | Ion gel electrolyte |
| Neurotransmitter | Anion | |
| Skeletal muscle | Postsynaptic membrane | ONW |
| Postsynaptic potential | Drain current | |
| Muscle fiber | Polymer actuator |
