Table 1.
Participant characteristics, academic performance, MPOD, and dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake among preadolescent children1
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Age (y) | 8.8 ± 0.1 |
| Sex [n (%)] | |
| Male | 17 (30) |
| Female | 39 (70) |
| IQ | 112.8 ± 1.7 |
| VO2 max (mL*kg−1*min−1) | 43.0 ± 1.1 |
| Fat Free Mass VO2 max (mL*kgFFM−1*min−1) | 61.9 ± 1.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.7 ± 0.4 |
| BMI-for-age percentile2 | 70.9 ± 3.5 |
| Underweight, BMI percentile < 5 [n (%)] | 0 (0) |
| Normal weight, BMI percentile ≤5 and <84.9 [n (%)] | 32 (57) |
| Overweight, BMI percentile ≤85 and <94.9 [n (%)] | 14 (25) |
| Obese, BMI percentile > 95 [n (%)] | 10 (18) |
| Whole Body % Fat (%) | 31.3 ± 0.9 |
| SES [n (%)] | |
| Low | 22 (39) |
| Middle | 19 (34) |
| High | 15 (27) |
| Pubertal Timing [n (%)] | |
| Stage 1–2 | 51 (91) |
| Stage 2–3 | 5 (9) |
| Math Composite | 108.3 ± 2.3 |
| Reading Composite | 111.5 ± 2.1 |
| Reading Fluency Composite | 111.1 ± 2.1 |
| Written Language Composite | 106.6 ± 2.5 |
| Achievement Composite | 109.5 ± 2.2 |
| MPOD | 0.64 ± 0.03 |
| Lutein + Zeaxanthin (μg)3 | 806.6 ± 63.0 |
1
Values are means ± SEM n=56. IQ, intelligence quotient; VO2 max, maximal oxygen uptake; SES, socioeconomic status; MPOD, macular pigment optical density.
2
Determined by the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BMI-for-age growth charts
3
n=35; n=18 did not return food records and n=3 were cut out due to being outliers (two or more standard deviations away from the food record mean)