Table 1.

Causes of serum cardiac troponin elevations including false-positive troponinemia

	Ischemic	Non-ischemic	False-positive troponin
Cardiac	Acute coronary syndrome	Myocarditis/pericarditis	High alkaline phosphatase levels
	Oxygen supply/demand mismatch	Infectious	Heterophile antibody
	Hypertension	Non-infectious/autoimmune	Troponin-specific autoantibody
	Tachycardia/arrhythmia	Infiltrative disease	Rheumatoid factor
	Anemia	Trauma (cardiac contusion)	Fibrin clots
	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Electric shock (cardioversion)	Endogenous substances
	Drugs (cocaine, methamphetamines)	Ablation procedures	Hemoglobin, bilirubin, lipids
	Non-atherosclerotic coronary disease	Congestive heart failure	Biotin
	Coronary vasospasm	Drug-induced (trastuzumab, anthracyclines)	Instrument malfunction
	Coronary embolus		Machine calibration error
	Coronary artery vasculitis
	Aortic dissection
	Post-revascularization
Non-cardiac	Pulmonary embolism	Renal failure
	Sepsis/shock/hypoperfusion	Stroke/intracranial hemorrhage
	Hypoxia	Significant burns
		Critical illness
		Cardiothoracic surgery