Fig. 2.

Medication use in patients with AS and matched controls (P ≤ 0.005 for all except lipid-lowering therapies: P = 0.939). ^acsDMARDs included auranofin, azathioprine, chloroquine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, gold sodium thiomalate, hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, methotrexate, minocycline hydrochloride, penicillamine, and sulfasalazine. ^bTNFis included adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, and infliximab. ^cAS medications included both pharmacy claims and outpatient claims from National Drug Code claims and those billed by Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes. AS ankylosing spondylitis, csDMARDs conventional standard disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, TNFis tumor necrosis factor inhibitors