Table 1.
Descriptive, demographic, health and sleep characteristics of the cohort.
| All (n = 5059) | Females (n = 2714) | Males (n = 2345) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 61 (52–71) | 60 (51–71) | 61 (52–71) | 0.594 |
| Years of education | 4 (1–9) | 3 (1–9) | 5 (1–9) | <0.001 |
| Married/cohabiting | 2575 (50.9%) | 973 (35.9%) | 1602 (68.3%) | <0.001 |
| Number of people in household | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 5.5 ± 3.3 | 5.2 ± 3.4 | 0.004 |
| Employed | 805 (16.0%) | 362 (13.4%) | 443 (19.0%) | <0.001 |
| Household wealth quintile | ||||
| 1 (poorest) | 1046 (20.7%) | 544 (20.0%) | 502 (21.4%) | 0.614 |
| 2 | 1001 (19.8%) | 546 (20.1%) | 455 (19.4%) | |
| 3 | 991 (19.6%) | 541 (19.9%) | 450 (19.2%) | |
| 4 | 1007 (19.9%) | 550 (20.3%) | 457 (19.5%) | |
| 5 (wealthiest) | 1014 (20.0%) | 533 (19.6%) | 481 (20.5%) | |
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 27.2 ± 6.9 | 29.3 ± 7.4 | 24.9 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Obese | 1384 (29.5%) | 1043 (41.2%) | 341 (15.8%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2884 (58.4%) | 1645 (61.8%) | 1239 (54.5%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1861 (43.8%) | 1000 (42.9%) | 861 (44.9%) | 0.203 |
| Diabetes | 495 (10.7%) | 288 (11.5%) | 207 (9.7%) | 0.050 |
| Anemia | 779 (17.3%) | 544 (22.5%) | 235 (11.4%) | <0.001 |
| HIV positive | 1048 (23.0%) | 565 (22.9%) | 483 (23.0%) | 0.944 |
| HIV+ and on ART | 663 (64.0%) | 346 (61.8%) | 317 (66.6%) | 0.108 |
| Sleep duration* (h) | 8.23 ± 1.6 | 8.15 ± 1.6 | 8.33 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Bedtime (h:min) | 20:48 ± 1:15 | 20:46 ± 1:13 | 20:51 ± 1:18 | 0.023 |
| Wake time (h:min) | 05:31 ± 1:05 | 05:22 ± 1:00 | 05:41 ± 1:10 | <0.001 |
| Good sleep qualitya | 4724 (93.5%) | 2527 (93.2%) | 2197 (93.8%) | 0.458 |
| Latency > 30 minb | 1603 (31.8%) | 861 (31.9%) | 742 (31.8%) | 0.952 |
| Sufficient sleepc | 3241 (64.2%) | 1691 (62.4%) | 1550 (66.2%) | 0.005 |
| Restless sleep | 1626 (32.9%) | 964 (36.3%) | 662 (28.9%) | <0.001 |
| Nocturnal awakeningsc | 2036 (40.3%) | 1139 (42.0%) | 897 (38.3%) | 0.008 |
| Snoringd | 979 (19.5%) | 488 (18.1%) | 491 (21.1%) | 0.008 |
| Gaspingd | 624 (12.4%) | 313 (11.6%) | 311 (13.4%) | 0.065 |
| Breathing stopsd | 352 (7.0%) | 177 (6.6%) | 175 (7.5%) | 0.203 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or count (%). BMI: body mass index; ART: antiretroviral therapy. *Self-reported sleep duration. a“Very good” or “Fairly good”; bOnce a week or more; c“Often” or “Very often”; d“Yes”. The p-values represent differences between the two gender groups analyzed using an independent t-test, a Mann-Whitney U test or a Fisher’s Exact test.